Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Soot Load Sensing in a Diesel Particulate Filter Based on Electrical Capacitance Tomography

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advanced Mechatronics and MEMS Devices II

Part of the book series: Microsystems and Nanosystems ((MICRONANO))

Abstract

This work presents a novel approach to particulate material (soot) measurement in a diesel particulate filter (DPF) using electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Modern diesel engines are equipped with DPFs, as well as onboard technologies to evaluate the status of DPF because complete knowledge of DPF soot loading is very critical for robust and efficient operation of the engine exhaust after treatment system. Emission regulations imposed upon all internal combustion engines including diesel engines on gaseous as well as particulate (soot) emissions by environment regulatory agencies. In course of time, soot will be deposited inside the DPFs which tend to clog the filter and hence generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot buildup, regeneration of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process at predetermined time intervals. Passive regeneration increases the exhaust heat to burn the deposited soot while active regeneration injects external energy in, such as injection of diesel into an upstream diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), to burn the soot. Since the regeneration process consumes fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the particulate matter deposit (or soot load) becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. Here we propose a sensing method for a DPF that can accurately measure in-situ soot load using ECT. Lab experimental results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to accurately estimate the soot load in DPF. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall DPF efficiency (and thereby fuel efficiency), and durability of a DPF through appropriate closed loop regeneration operation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

A :

Electrode surface area

C :

Normalized electrode-pair capacitances

C m :

Overall capacitance in Maxwell Garnett Permittivity Model

C p :

Overall capacitance in Parallel Permittivity Model

C s :

Overall capacitance in Series Permittivity Model

d :

Distance between two plates

D :

Flux density

E :

Electric field strength between the plates

f i :

Volume fraction occupied by the inclusions of the i-th sort

K :

Normalized pixel permittivity’s matrix

N ik :

Depolarization factors of the i-th sort of inclusions

Q :

Charge

S :

Sensitivity matrix

V :

Potential difference

α :

Temperature coefficient

ε :

Permittivity

ε b :

Relative permittivity of a base dielectric

ε i :

Relative permittivity of the i-th sort of inclusions

ε m :

Effective permittivity in Maxwell Garnett Permittivity Model

ε o :

In vacuum, the value of ε o = 8.854 × 10−12 F/m

ε p :

Effective permittivity in Parallel Permittivity Model

ε r :

Relative permittivity

ε s :

Effective permittivity in Series Permittivity Model

ρ T :

Resistivity at temperature T

References

  1. Twigg MV, Phillips PR (2009) Cleaning the air we breathe—controlling diesel particulate emissions from passenger cars. Platin Met Rev 53(1):27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adler J (2005) Ceramic diesel particulate filters. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 2(6):429–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fischerauer G, Forster M, Moos R (2009) Sensing the soot load in automotive diesel particulate filters by microwave methods. Meas Sci Technol 21:235–247

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sappok A, Bromberg L, Parks J, Prikhodko V (2010) Loading and regeneration analysis of a diesel particulate filter with a radio frequency-based sensor. SAE technical paper, San Diego, CA

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ohyama N, Nakanishi T, Daido S (2008) New concept catalyzed DPF for estimating soot loadings from pressure drop. SAE technical paper 2008-01-0620

    Google Scholar 

  6. Singh N, Rutland C, Foster D, Narayanaswamy K et al (2009) Investigation into different DPF regeneration strategies based on fuel economy using integrated system simulation. SAE technical paper 2009-01-1275

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rose D, Boger T (2009) Different approaches to soot estimation as key requirement for DPF applications. SAE technical paper, Detroit, MI. doi:10.4271/2009-01-1262

  8. Husted H, Roth G, Nelson S, Hocken L, Fulks G, Racine D (2012) Sensing of particulate matter for on-board diagnosis of particulate filters. SAE Int J Engines 5(2):235–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Strzelec A, Bilheux H, Finney C, Daw C et al (2009) Neutron imaging of diesel particulate filters. SAE technical paper, San Antonio, TX

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boylestad RL (2007) Capacitor. In: Introductory circuit analysis, 11th edn. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Chapter 10, Section 10.3, pp 398–410

    Google Scholar 

  11. Donthi SS (2004) Capacitance based tomography for industrial applications. M.Tech. Thesis, Electrical Engineering Dept., IIT, Bombay

    Google Scholar 

  12. Koledintseva MY, DuBroff RE, Schwartz RW (2006) A Maxwell Garnett model for dielectric mixtures containing conducting particles at optical frequencies. Prog Electromagn Res 63: 223–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cao Z, Xu L, Fan W, Wang H (2011) Electrical capacitance tomography for sensors of square cross sections using Calderon’s method. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 60(3):900–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wuqiang Y (2010) Design of electrical capacitance tomography sensors. Meas Sci Technol 21(4):42001–42013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gamio JC, Ortiz-Alemán C, Martin R (2005) Electrical capacitance tomography two-phase oil-gas pipe flow imaging by the linear back-projection algorithm. Geophys Int 44(3):265–273

    Google Scholar 

  16. Process Tomography Ltd (2009) Electrical capacitance tomography system Type TFLR5000 operating manual, vol 1. Fundamentals of ECT. Process Tomography Ltd., England

    Google Scholar 

  17. Matweb. Material property data. http://www.matweb.com/

  18. Ferro Ceramic Grinding, Inc. http://www.ferroceramic.com/

  19. Pryuor L, Sclobohm R, Brownell B (2009) A comparison of aluminum vs. copper as used in electrical equipment. GE Consumer & Industrial website https://www.geindustrial.com/sites/geis/files/gallery/

  20. Berney ES, Smith DM (2008) Mechanical and physical properties of ASTM C33 sand [Type of medium]. http://www.dtic.mil/. Feb 2008

  21. Domenick B (1955) A graphical sinusoidal analysis of a nonlinear RC phase-shift feedback circuit. Proc IRE 43(6):679–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Fountain T (1993) Software advances in measurement and instrumentation. In: IEE colloquium on software instrumentation—software components, Feb 1993, pp 1–45

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rerkratn A, Chitsakul K, Soisup A, Wuti V (2010) Electrical capacitance tomography system for monitoring process flow in pipe. In: Proceedings of SICE annual conference 2010, Taipei, China, pp 3229–3232

    Google Scholar 

  24. Huq R, Anwar S (2015) Real-time soot measurement in a diesel particulate filter. US Patent No. 9,151,205. 6 Oct 2015

    Google Scholar 

  25. Michel RP, Baican R, Schubert E (1993) Soot particle properties in the microwave range. In: Microwave conference, 1993. 23rd European, Madrid, Spain, pp 959–960

    Google Scholar 

  26. Pyzik AJ, Li CG (2005) New design of a ceramic filter for diesel emission control application. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 2(6):440–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Waterfall RC, He R, White NB, Beck CM (1996) Combustion imaging from electrical impedance measurements. Meas Sci Technol 7:369–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yang WQ, Chondronasios A, Nguyen VT, Nattras S, Betting M, Ismail I (2004) Adaptive calibration of a capacitance tomography system for imaging water droplet distribution. Flow Meas Instrum 15:249–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Yang WQ, Stott AL, Beck MS, Xie CG (1995) Development of capacitance tomographic imaging systems for oil pipeline measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 66:4326–4332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Yakowski T, Miko M, Vlaev D, Mann R, Follows GW, Boxman A, Wilson MPW (1999) Imaging nylon polymerisation processes by applying electrical tomography. In: Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on industrial process tomography, Buxton, UK, 14–17 Apr, pp 383–387

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cummins, Inc., Columbus, IN, USA

    Ragibul Huq

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana Univ Purdue Univ Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL 260F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Sohel Anwar

Authors
  1. Ragibul Huq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sohel Anwar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sohel Anwar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Dan Zhang

  2. University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

    Bin Wei

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huq, R., Anwar, S. (2017). Soot Load Sensing in a Diesel Particulate Filter Based on Electrical Capacitance Tomography. In: Zhang, D., Wei, B. (eds) Advanced Mechatronics and MEMS Devices II. Microsystems and Nanosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32180-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32180-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32178-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32180-6

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation