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The Study of Urban Form: Different Approaches

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Urban Morphology

Part of the book series: The Urban Book Series ((UBS))

Abstract

While the previous chapters focused on the urban forms (and on the agents and processes ) the sixth chapter focuses on those studying these urban forms. It is divided into three parts. The first part addresses a number of works that are classics in urban morphology and in urban studies . The first of these books was written in the late 1950s, five books were prepared in the 1960s, one was written in the late 1970s and the last of these books was prepared in the early 1980s. The eight books are: Studi per una operante storia urbana di Venezia by Saverio Muratori ; ‘Alnwick Northumberland. A study in town plan analysis’ by MRG Conzen ; ‘The image of the city ’ by Kevin Lynch ; ‘Townscape’ by Gordon Cullen ; ‘The death and life of great American cities ’ by Jane Jacobs ; L’architettura della cittá by Aldo Rossi ; Formes urbaines: de l’îlot à la barre by Jean Castex , Jean Charles Depaule and Philippe Panerai ; and, finally, ‘The social logic of space ’ by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson . The second part of this chapter presents the main morphological approaches that have been developed over the last decades, from the historico-geographical approach (promoted by the Conzenian School ) to the process typological approach (promoted by the Muratorian School ); from space syntax to the various forms of spatial analysis (including cellular automata , agent-based models and fractals ). Finally, the last part of this chapter introduces a key topic—against a background of different theories, concepts and methods—the need to develop comparative studies. The knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach will certainly enable those who want to develop a morphological study, to select the most appropriate options given the specific nature of the object under analysis.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the last 15 years Jeremy Whitehand has published two papers—‘British urban morphology : the Conzenian tradition’ and ‘Conzenian urban morphology and landscapes’—and offered (at least) one oral presentation in conference—‘Conzenian research and urban landscape management’—that outline a review of the historico-geographical approach promoted by the Conzenian School (Whitehand 2001, 2007a, 2014). These texts had a considerable importance in the structuring of this subsection.

  2. 2.

    This part of the subsection is based on a Viewpoint that I have written with Cláudia Monteiro that was published in the Revista de Morfologia Urbana in 2014 (Oliveira and Monteiro 2014).

  3. 3.

    These include ‘The growth and character of Whitby ’, ‘The plan analysis of an English city centre’ and ‘Morphogenesis, morphological regions and secular human agency in the historic townscape, as exemplified by Ludlow ’ (Conzen 1958, 1962, 1988). A collection of texts by MRG Conzen is offered in a book edited by his son, MP Conzen published in the last decade (Conzen 2004).

  4. 4.

    Outside the context of the UMRG, Karin Meneguetti and Stael Pereira da Costa have recently published a paper where the concept is successfully tested in the context of a city planned in the middle of the twentieth century, Maringá (Meneguetti and Costa 2015). The authors state that the planned city configuration may be compared to the formation of ancient walled cities , attesting the strength of fixation lines in the creation of inner fringe belts.

  5. 5.

    This subsection is mainly based on two different papers: ‘Saverio Muratori and the Italian school of planning typology’ by Giancarlo Cataldi , Gian Luigi Maffei and Paolo Vaccaro published in 2002 in ‘Urban Morphology ’ (Cataldi et al. 2002) and ‘Saverio Muratori: il debito e l’eredità’ by Giancarlo Cataldi included in the book ‘Saverio Muratori Architetto’ published in 2013.

    It should be referred that the designation ‘process typological’ is not consensual among the promoters of the approach and that other designations, such as planning typological, design typology and procedural typology, are frequently used. In addition, the designation ‘Caniggian School’ is, sometimes, preferred in relation to the designation ‘Muratorian School ’ which is, eventually, more comprehensive.

  6. 6.

    For an analysis of Muratori’s practice , particularly his planning practice , see the book ‘Saverio Muratori, a legacy in urban design’ and the paper ‘Saverio Muratori: towards a morphological school of urban design’ both authored by Marco Maretto (2012, 2013).

  7. 7.

    The first volume of Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia was translated into English (Caniggia and Maffei 2001), including a glossary of technical terms, and also to French and Spanish.

  8. 8.

    This is the case of the above mentioned L’ edilizia gotica veneziana, published as a complementary book of the operative history of Venice by Muratori , and of La casa veneziana nella storia della città (Maretto 1960, 1986).

  9. 9.

    Bill Hillier got his BA and MA in Architecture at the University of Cambridge, in 1961 and 1964. He received his DSC in Built Environment at the University of London in 2003.

  10. 10.

    In practice , the axial map is a representation of the street network made just of lines. One of these lines is chosen as the starting point. This line will be intersected by a number ‘n’ of other lines, which are labeled Depth 1. Each of these n lines will then be intersected by ‘m’ lines, which are labeled Depth 2, and so on. In other terms, each line in the map is numbered according to how many changes of direction separate it from the starting line.

  11. 11.

    The proposal of new measures and the development of existing ones had changed the role of these measures in the whole apparatus of the space syntax community.

  12. 12.

    This algorithm is associated with Peponis et al. (1998a, b)’s method for the construction of axial maps.

  13. 13.

    The organization of this part of the text draws on two introdutory texts to the theme of cellular automata written by Nuno Norte Pinto —Modelos de autómatos celulares como ferramentas de análise da forma urbana (Cellular automata models as tools for the analysis of urban form) and Modelos de autómatos celulares para a simulação da evolução das estruturas urbanas (Cellular automata models for the simulation of the evolution of urban structures) (Pinto 2013; Pinto et al. 2015). In 2012, Pinto has coordinated the first symposium exclusively dedicated to Cellular Automata Modelling for Urban and Spatial Systems—the CAMUSS. The proceedings are gathered by Pinto et al. (2012).

  14. 14.

    Michael Batty was invited to this session but, unfortunately, he could not join us.

  15. 15.

    This subsection draws on the paper ‘A comparative study of urban form’ published in the journal ‘Urban Morphology’ (Oliveira et al. 2015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Vítor Oliveira

  2. Departamento de Arquitectura, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Vítor Oliveira

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  1. Vítor Oliveira
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Correspondence to Vítor Oliveira .

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Oliveira, V. (2016). The Study of Urban Form: Different Approaches. In: Urban Morphology. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32083-0_6

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