Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypertension and Haemorrhagic Stroke

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hypertension and Brain Damage

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 1296 Accesses

Abstract

The differentiation between ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke subtype at onset of disease is critical in providing prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment. Although the incidence of haemorrhagic stroke is seven to ten times lower when compared to ischaemic subtypes, severity and associated increased mortality are greater in haemorrhagic stroke. Survival following haemorrhagic stroke is strongly determined by the area of brain bleeding and related tissue damage. Among haemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial haemorrhage are the two major types of haemorrhagic stroke. Although underlying pathophysiology, treatment and prognosis depend on the type of haemorrhage, if not diagnosed and treated promptly, subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial haemorrhage result in a loss of cognitive function and subsequent death. While multiple causative factors contribute to this condition, lowering blood pressure and improving adherence to medication can substantially reduce the risk of haemorrhagic stroke.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP (2009) Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke 40:2068–2072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dupont SA, Wijdicks EFM, Lanzino G, Rabinstein AA (2010) Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an overview for the practicing neurologist. Semin Neurol 30:545–554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ (2001) Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 124:249–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS (2005) Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke 36:2773–2780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Diringer MN, Bleck TP, Hemphill JC, Menon D, Shutter L, Vespa P, Bruder N, Connolly ES, Citerio G, Gress D, Haenggi D, Hoh BL, Lanzino G, Le Roux P, Rabinstein A, Schmutzhard E, Stocchetti N, Suarez JI, Treggiari M, Tseng MY, Vergouwen MDI, Wolf S, Zipfel G (2011) Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: recommendations from the neurocritical care society’s multidisciplinary consensus conference. Neurocrit Care 15:211–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ (2011) Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 10:626–636

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wermer MJ, van der Schaaf IC, Algra A, Rinkel GJ (2007) Risk of rupture of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in relation to patient and aneurysm characteristics: an updated meta-analysis. Stroke 38:1404–1410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, Miller ST, Embury S, Moohr JW, Wethers DL, Pegelow CH, Gill FM (1998) Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors. Blood 91:288–294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Carey J, Numaguchi Y, Nadell J (1990) Subarachnoid hemorrhage in sickle cell disease. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 6:47–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V (2009) Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 8:355–369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Miller R, Huster G (1993) Intracerebral hemorrhage more than twice as common as subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 78:188–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJ (2010) Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 9:167–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S, INTERSTROKE Investigators (2010) Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the interstroke study): a case-control study. Lancet 376:112–123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dandapani BK, Suzuki S, Kelley RE, Reyesiglesias Y, Duncan RC (1995) Relation between blood-pressure and outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 26:21–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, Algra A (2003) Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke 34:2060–2065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zafar A, Khan FS (2008) Clinical and radiological features of intracerebral haemorrhage in hypertensive patients. JPMA J Pakistan Med Assoc 58:356–358

    Google Scholar 

  17. Green RM, Kelly KM, Gabrielsen T, Levine SR, Vanderzant C (1990) Multiple intracerebral hemorrhages after smoking crack cocaine. Stroke 21:957–962

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM (2011) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly. Ann Neurol 70:871–880

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Knudsen KA, Rosand J, Karluk D, Greenberg SM (2001) Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Neurology 56:537–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ikram MA, Wieberdink RG, Koudstaal PJ (2012) International epidemiology of intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr Atheroscler Rep 14:300–306

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, Wardlaw J (2007) Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain 130:1988–2003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S, Launer LJ, Van Buchem MA, Breteler MM, Microbleed SG (2009) Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. Lancet Neurol 8:165–174

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Henskens LH, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW, Lodder J (2008) Brain microbleeds are associated with ambulatory blood pressure levels in a hypertensive population. Hypertension 51:62–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jeon SB, Kang DW, Cho AH, Lee EM, Choi CG, Kwon SU, Kim JS (2007) Initial microbleeds at mr imaging can predict recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol 254:508–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sussman ES, Connolly ES Jr (2013) Hemorrhagic transformation: a review of the rate of hemorrhage in the major clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 4:69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Corea F, Ageno W, Alberti A, Lanari A, Caso V, Micheli S, Bertolani L, Venti M, Palmerini F, Biagini S, Comi G, Previdi P, Silvestrelli G (2008) Early hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarction: rate, predictive factors, and influence on clinical outcome: results of a prospective multicenter study. Stroke 39:2249–2256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Berger C, Fiorelli M, Steiner T, Schabitz WR, Bozzao L, Bluhmki E, Hacke W, von Kummer R (2001) Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic brain tissue – asymptomatic or symptomatic? Stroke 32:1330–1335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kablau M, Kreisel SH, Sauer T, Binder J, Szabo K, Hennerici MG, Kern R (2011) Predictors and early outcome of hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 32:334–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine and Pharmacology – Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Level 3 MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA, 6000 MDBP M570, Australia

    Dagmara Hering MD, PhD

  2. Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

    Maciej Piskunowicz MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Dagmara Hering MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maciej Piskunowicz MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dagmara Hering MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hypertension & Vascular Risk Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain

    Antonio Coca

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hering, D., Piskunowicz, M. (2016). Hypertension and Haemorrhagic Stroke. In: Coca, A. (eds) Hypertension and Brain Damage. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32074-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32074-8_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32072-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32074-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation