Abstract
Two-dimensional barcodes (2D codes) have become common as an authentification way of e-tickets and e-coupons. However, easy replication by using other mobile phone camera is apprehended. This paper proposes a method for detecting copied 2D code by a semi-fragile digital video watermark which can be destroyed by replication. Compared to digital image watermarking, it is more difficult to copy 2D code in which the time-varying watermark is embedded without destroying the watermark. In the proposed method, the video watermarking scheme is optimized to maximize the difference of the watermark extraction degree between valid and replicated 2D code videos. The optimization is performed using a novel self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm with actual mobile devices rather than simulation. Experimental results have shown that the proposed method successfully designs a video watermarking scheme which allows authenticity determination of 2D codes displayed on mobile device screen.
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Notes
- 1.
Values of m and n were determined by referring to JPEG compression.
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Acknowledgements
Part of this work was supported by SCOPE of MIC, and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15H02758. The authors also would like to thank A-T Communications, Co., LTD., and DENSO WAVE Inc.
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Maehara, T., Ikeda, R., Ono, S. (2016). Digital Video Watermark Optimization for Detecting Replicated Two-Dimensional Barcodes. In: Shi, YQ., Kim, H., Pérez-González, F., Echizen, I. (eds) Digital-Forensics and Watermarking. IWDW 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9569. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31960-5_16
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