Abstract
Currently, some H.264 video steganographic algorithms based on intra prediction mode (IPM) have been proposed. By modulating IPMs over blocks during the intra-coding process, they achieve low computational complexity, considerable capacity and high security. Up to now, there is no existing steganalytic methods found for effective detection. However, we have observed that the existing IPM-based steganography usually modifies IPMs with non-optimal selection rules which violate the encoding principles. By exploiting these weaknesses, we propose a calibration-based video steganalytic scheme, which extracts IPM calibration (IPMC) features to detect IPM-based steganography. The proposed features are of a very low dimension and sensitive to the presences of non-optimal IPMs. Particularly, calibration parameters are directly obtained from the video stream. Therefore, we avoid estimating erroneous calibration parameters which can lead to the decline of detection performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed IPMC features can be used to effectively detect the IPM modulations even at a low embedding rate, and the IPMC makes the new steganalytic scheme outperform the existing ones.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jordan, F., Kutter, M., Ebrahimi, T.: Proposal of a watermarking technique for hiding/retrieving data in compressed and decompressed video. ISO/IEC Doc. JTC1/SC 29/QWG 11 MPEG 97/M 2281 (1997)
Liu, Z., Liang, H., Niu, X.: A robust video watermarking in motion vectors. In: Proceedings of the 2004 7th International Conference on Signal Processing, ICSP 2004, vol. 3, pp. 2358–2361. IEEE, Beijing, China, 31 August–4 September 2004
Ma, X., Li, Z., Tu, H.: A data hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC video stream without intra-frame distortion drift. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 20(10), 1320–1330 (2010)
Neufeld, A., Ker, A.: A study of embedding operation and locations for steganography in H.264 video. In: Proceedings of IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, vol. 8665, pp. 86650J:1–14. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2013)
Lu, C., Chen, J., Fan, K.: Real-time frame-dependent video watermarking in VLC domain. Sig. Process. Image Commun. 20(7), 624–642 (2005)
Seo, Y., Choi, H., Lee, C.: Low-complexity watermarking based on entropy coding in H.264/AVC. IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci. 91(8), 2130–2137 (2008)
Hu, Y., Zhang, C., Su, Y.: Information hiding based on intra prediction modes for H.264/AVC. In: Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME 2007, pp. 1231–1234. IEEE, Beijing China, 2–5 July 2007
Xu, D., Wang, R., Wang, J.: Prediction mode modulated data-hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC. J. Real-Time Image Proc. 7(4), 205–214 (2012)
Yang, G., Li, J., He, Y.: An information hiding algorithm based on intra-prediction modes and matrix coding for H.264/AVC Video stream. Int. J. Electron. Commun. 65(4), 331–337 (2011)
Bouchama, S., Hamami, L., Aliane, H.: H.264/AVC data hiding based on intra prediction modes for real-time application. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 1, pp. 655–658 (2012)
Li, S., Deng, H., Tian, H.: Steganalytic of prediction mode modulated data-hiding algorithms in H.264/AVC video stream. Ann. Telecommun. (annales des télécommunications) 69(7–8), 461–473 (2014)
Wiegand, T., Sullivan, G.J., Bjontegaard, G., Luthra, A.: Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 13(7), 560–576 (2003)
Kim, J., Jeong, J.: Fast intra mode decision algorithm using the sum of absolute transformed differences. In: Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, DICTA 2011, pp. 655–659. IEEE (2011)
Fridrich, J., Kodovsky, J.: Rich models for steganalytic of digital images. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7(3), 868–882 (2011)
Cao, Y., Zhao, X., Feng, D.: Video Steganalysis exploiting motion vector reversion-based features. Sig. Process. Lett. 19(1), 35–38 (2012). IEEE
Pevny, T., Fridrich, J.: Detection of double-compression in JPEG images for applications in steganography. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 3(2), 247–258 (2008)
Chang, C., Lin, C.: LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. (TIST) 2(3), 27 (2011)
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the NSFC under 61170281 and 61303259, and the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under XDA06030600.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Cao, Y., Wang, P., Zhao, X. (2016). Video Steganalysis Based on Intra Prediction Mode Calibration. In: Shi, YQ., Kim, H., Pérez-González, F., Echizen, I. (eds) Digital-Forensics and Watermarking. IWDW 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9569. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31960-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31960-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31959-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31960-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)