Skip to main content

Green Capitalism Made in Germany

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Energy Democracy
  • 1481 Accesses

Abstract

The German reading of Adam Smith differs from the mainstream interpretation of his work in the English-speaking world, and that different reading opens up a few policy options. German policy aims to tap the entrepreneurial spirit of capitalism—but also directs markets in a desirable direction. German economic policy for renewables is not laissez-faire or planned economics, but fettered capitalism. Feed-in tariffs are not mistaken for generous subsidies, but floor prices that increase competition between market players.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Mankiw, Nicholas G., and Mark P. Taylor. Microeconomics. 3rd. ed. Andover: Cengage Learning, 2014, p. 10.

  2. 2.

    Mankiw, Nicholas G. Principles of economics. 2. ed. Fort Worth Tex.: Harcourt College Publ, 2001, p. 7.

  3. 3.

    Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. Middletown, DE: Shine Classics, 2014, p. 168.

  4. 4.

    Hennicke, Peter. Die Energiewende ist möglich: Für eine neue Energiepolitik der Kommunen; Strategien für eine Rekommunalisierung. 3. Aufl. Frankfurt a.M.: S. Fischer, 1985.

  5. 5.

    Steingart, Gabor. “Angriff auf die Marktwirtschaft.” Handelsblatt. 17 December 2011. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/kapitalismuskritik-wo-geld-klingelt-da-herrscht-die-hure/5808584-2.html.

  6. 6.

    Jacobs, David. Renewable Energy Policy Convergence in the EU: The Evolution of Feed-in Tariffs in Germany, Spain and France. Global Environmental Governance. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2012.

  7. 7.

    Jeske, Jürgen. “The Visible Hand of Economic Prosperity.” Project Syndicate. 25 February 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/germany-economic-progress-policymaking-by-j-rgen-jeske-2015-02?barrier=true#qI1OuhtEAdqKrPVR.99.

  8. 8.

    Krawinkel, Holger. Für eine neue Energiepolitik: Was die Bundesrepublik Deutschland von Dänemark lernen kann. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1991.

  9. 9.

    Scheer, Hermann. Sonnen-Strategie: Politik ohne Alternative. München: Piper, 1998, p. 41.

  10. 10.

    Grau, Thilo, Karsten Neuhoff, and Matthew Tisdale. “Verpflichtende Direktvermarktung von Windenergie erhöht Finanzierungskosten.” Publication of the German Institute for Economic Research Berlin. DIW Wochenbericht, no. 21 (2015): 503–8.

  11. 11.

    Conversation with Josef Pesch of Fesa.

  12. 12.

    politicsTV.com. “Al Gore on coal and new power grid.” March 21, 2007. Accessed February 6, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X4REcq6qk0&mode=related&search.

  13. 13.

    Morris, Craig. “How big can a community wind farm be?” Renewables International. The Magazine. 11 May 2015. Accessed February 5, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/how-big-can-a-community-wind-farm-be/150/435/87457/.

  14. 14.

    Gesetz zur Förderung der Energiewirtschaft (Energiewirtschaftsgesetz). Vom 13 Dezember 1935, Fassung von 1978. Deutscher Bundestag. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.energieverbraucher.de/files/download/file/0/1/0/448.pdf.

  15. 15.

    Radkau, Joachim, and Lothar Hahn. Aufstieg und Fall der deutschen Atomwirtschaft. München: oekom Ges. für ökologische Kommunikation, 2013.

  16. 16.

    Morris, Craig. “Global electricity overview for 2014.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 19 June 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/global-electricity-overview-for-2014/150/537/88299/.

  17. 17.

    “Green Dreams: The flood of money into clean energy is better news for society than it is for investors.” The Economist. 16 November 2006. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.economist.com/node/8173054.

  18. 18.

    Gillis, Justin. “Sun and Wind Alter Global Landscape, Leaving Utilities Behind.” The New York Times. 13 September 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/science/earth/sun-and-wind-alter-german-landscape-leaving-utilities-behind.html?smid=nytcore-ipad-share&smprod=nytcore-ipad&_r=2.

  19. 19.

    The reasoning in the PreusssenElektra case was that subsidies were paid by governmental budgets, and that FIT were financed by consumers and not paid into a state fund but directly to suppliers and from there to renewable power generators.

  20. 20.

    “Germany set for dip in renewable energy subsidy.” Yahoo News. 15 October 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://news.yahoo.com/germany-set-dip-renewable-energy-112212843.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter.

  21. 21.

    Statement made at a conference in 2015, confirmed in personal correspondence.

  22. 22.

    Morris, Craig. “Germany overpays solar relative to wind.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 29 July 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/germany-overpays-solar-relative-to-wind/150/537/80598/.

  23. 23.

    Morris, Craig. “Citizen ownership of grids.” Energy Transition. The German Energiewende. 19 July 2013. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://energytransition.de/2013/07/citizen-ownership-of-grids/.

  24. 24.

    Bernhardt, John. “The Power Of Local Energy.” Forbes Online. 28 April 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/04/28/the-power-of-local-energy/#2c9d15fd3137.

  25. 25.

    Mengewein, Julia, and Rachel Morison. “Germany’s New Coal Plants Push Power Glut to 4-Year High.” Bloomberg. 27 June 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-26/germany-s-new-coal-plants-push-power-.

  26. 26.

    Morris, Craig. “15% return on solar investments in Germany for Saudis?” Renewables International. The Magazine. 20 February 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/15-return-on-solar-investments-in-germany-for-saudis/150/452/85658/.

  27. 27.

    Morris, Craig. “Germany opens first commercial offshore wind farm.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 16 November 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/germany-opens-first-commercial-offshore-wind-farm/150/435/83313/.

  28. 28.

    Fulton, Mark, and Reid Capalino. “Investing in the Clean Trillion: Closing the Clean Energy Investment Gap.” Ceres Report. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://et-advisors.com/wp-content/uploads/Ceres_CleanTrillion_Report.pdf.

  29. 29.

    “Windenergie Report Deutschland 2012.” Fraunhofer (IWES). Editor Kurt Rohrig. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer Verlag, 2013, p. 87: “Neben all den Erwartungen bezüglich Offshore-Windenergieanlagen wird schnell vergessen, dass onshore die weitaus größere Windleistung installiert ist. In Anbetracht der großen Preisunterschiede zwischen Offshore- und Onshore-Windenergie ist dieser Trend eher eine politische als eine technische/ökonomische”.

  30. 30.

    See the “Infrastrukturplanungsbeschleunigungsgesetz.” Up to then, the legal situation had been somewhat unclear. The government’s position was essentially that it was “natural” for the grid to be expanded when central station power plants are built, but not for small distributed units.

  31. 31.

    Based on conversation with Josef Pesch.

  32. 32.

    Morris, Craig. “Is offshore wind the big story?” Energy Transition. The German Energiewende. 14 October 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://energytransition.de/2014/10/is-offshore-wind-the-big-story/.

  33. 33.

    Morris, Craig. “Offshore wind farm posts 50 percent capacity factor.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 29 April 2013. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/offshore-wind-farm-posts-50-percent-capacity-factor/150/505/62324/.

  34. 34.

    Morris, Offshore wind farm posts 50 percent capacity factor.

  35. 35.

    Agora Energiewende. “Energiewende: Kostenscheitel in Sicht: Der Erneuerbaren-Energien-Ausbau treibt die EEG-Umlage immer weniger in die Höhe. Ab 2023 wird sie wahrscheinlich sogar sinken. Das zeigt der „EEG-Rechner“ von Agora Energiewende.” Agora Energiewende. 7 May 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.agora-energiewende.de/de/presse/agoranews/news-detail/news/energiewende-kostenscheitel-in-sicht/.

  36. 36.

    Parr, Mike. “The myth of expensive offshore wind: it’s already cheaper than gas-fired and nuclear.” Energypost. 31 March 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.energypost.eu/myth-expensive-offshore-wind-already-cheaper-gas-fired-nuclear/.

  37. 37.

    Toke, David. “So why is renewable energy so much more expensive in the UK compared to other countries?” Dave Toke’s green energy blog. 31 December 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://realfeed-intariffs.blogspot.de/2014/12/so-why-is-renewable-energy-so-much-more.html.

  38. 38.

    Breitschopf, Barbara, Simon Bürer, and Lucas Lürich. “Verteilungswirkungen der Marktförderung des EEG in den Bereichen Photovoltaik und Windenergie (onshore).” Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.impres-projekt.de/impres-wAssets/docs/Verteilungswirkungen_Strom.pdf.

  39. 39.

    IRENA. “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014.” The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Bonn, January 2015. Accessed 10.20.2016. http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Power_Costs_2014_report.pdf; and Morris, Craig. “Solar keeps getting cheaper.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 13 September 2014. Accessed February 10, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/solar-keeps-getting-cheaper/150/452/81702/.

  40. 40.

    Bird, Lori, Claire Kreycik, and Barry Friedman. “Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (2008 Data).” Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-46581. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/46581.pdf.

  41. 41.

    Mints, Paula. “The 12-step Solar Program: Toward an Incentive-less Future.” Renewable Energy World. 24 January 2011. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2011/01/the-12-step-solar-program-toward-an-incentive-less-future.html.

  42. 42.

    Fulton and Capalino. “Investing in the Clean Trillion”

  43. 43.

    “Open Letter on Market Premiums (and Response).” Accessed February 6, 2016. http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/igov/open-letter-on-market-premiums/.

  44. 44.

    Farrell, John. “Why tax credits make lousy renewable energy policy.” Institute for Local Self-Reliance. 17 November 2010. Accessed February 6, 2016. https://ilsr.org/why-tax-credits-make-lousy-renewable-energy-policy/.

  45. 45.

    See Kieffer, Ghislaine, and Toby D. Couture. “Renewable Energy Target Setting.” IRENA. June 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Target_Setting_2015.pdf and Kreycik, Claire, Toby D. Couture, and Karlynn S. Cory. “Procurement Options for New Renewable Electricity Supply.” NREL Technical Report. December 2011. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52983.pdf.

  46. 46.

    Morris, Craig. “Actual outcomes of auctions in France, Brazil, and the Netherlands.” Energy Transition. The German Energiewende. 25 June 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://energytransition.de/2014/06/outcome-of-renewables-auctions/.

  47. 47.

    See Engelmeier, Tobias. “Why auctions for power projects don’t work in India.” photovoltaics Magazine. 19 May 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.photovoltaics-magazine.com/opinion-analysis/blogdetails/beitrag/why-auctions-for-power-projects-dont-work-in-india_100019506/#axzz3aUMmW2wG and Kenning, Tom. “photovoltaics Talk: Bidding for an Indian solar legacy at the expense of quality.” PVTech. 26 January 2016. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.photovoltaics-tech.org/interviews/pv-talk-bidding-for-an-indian-solar-legacy-at-the-expense-of-quality.

  48. 48.

    Morris, Craig. “India may move from auctions to feed-in tariffs for photovoltaics.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 14 October 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/india-may-move-from-auctions-to-feed-in-tariffs-for-pv/150/537/82362/.

  49. 49.

    Morris, Craig. “Actual outcomes of auctions in France, Brazil, and the Netherlands.” Energy Transition. The German Energiewende. 25 June 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://energytransition.de/2014/06/outcome-of-renewables-auctions/.

  50. 50.

    For the US, see this report on contract failures in auctions: “Building a “Margin of Safety” Into Renewable Energy Procurements: A Review of Experience with Contract Failure.” Consultant Report. January 2006. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-300-2006-004/CEC-300-2006-004.PDF.

  51. 51.

    Morris, Craig. “German photovoltaics auctions: told you so.” Renewables International. The Magazine. 30 April 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.renewablesinternational.net/german-photovoltaics-auctions-told-you-so/150/452/87253/.

  52. 52.

    Couture, Toby D., David Jacobs, Wilson Rickerson, and Victoria Healey. “The Next Generation of Renewable Electricity Policy: How rapid change is breaking down conventional policy categories.” NREL/TP-7A40-63149. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63149.pdf.

  53. 53.

    Hauser, Eva, Andreas Weber, Alexander Zipp, and Uwe Leprich. “Bewertung von Ausschreibungsverfahren als Finanzierungsmodell für Anlagen erneuerbarer Energienutzung.” Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.izes.de/cms/upload/publikationen/IZES_2014-05-20_BEE_EE-Ausschreibungen_Endbericht.pdf.

  54. 54.

    Kreycik, Couture, and Cory. Procurement Options for New Renewable Electricity Supply (See Footnote 45).

  55. 55.

    “A Right to Buy for the 21st Century.” Social Economy Alliance. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://socialenterprise.org.uk/social-economy-alliance/news/right-to-invest-report-a-21st-century-right-to-buy.

  56. 56.

    Platform. “Energy beyond neoliberalism: A new energy settlement will be an important part of the transition from neoliberalism.” Soundings: A journal of politics and culture 59, no. 1 (2015): 96–114.

  57. 57.

    McKibben, Bill. Deep economy: The wealth of communities and the durable future. New York: St. Martins Press, 2007, l. 1520.

  58. 58.

    Foer, Franklin. “Amazon Must be Stopped: It’s too big. It’s cannibalizing the economy. It’s time for a radical plan.” New Republic. 20 October 2014. Accessed February 6, 2016. https://newrepublic.com/article/119769/amazons-monopoly-must-be-broken-radical-plan-tech-giant.

  59. 59.

    The initial deficit from before the photovoltaics boom in 2008 was originally to be paid for with future rate hikes, not with tax revenue, but the overdraft became chronic, and the government was forced to step in and assume some of the debt.

  60. 60.

    Information based on conversations with Toby Couture and Hugo Lukas. See Couture, Toby D. FITs and Stops: Spain’s New Renewable Energy Plot Twist & What It All Means. Analytical Brief. 2012 4, no. 1. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.e3analytics.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Analytical_Brief_Vol4_Issue1.pdf.

    and Couture, Toby D. Booms, Bust, and Retroactive Cuts: Spain’s RE Odyssey. Analytical Brief. 2011 3, no. 1. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.e3analytics.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Analytical_Brief_Vol3_Issue1.pdf.

  61. 61.

    All quotes from Görres take from a personal conversation with the authors.

  62. 62.

    Roberts, Russell D. How Adam Smith can change your life: An unexpected guide to human nature and happiness. New York, NY: Portfolio / Penguin, 2014.

  63. 63.

    McKibben, Bill. Deep economy: The wealth of communities and the durable future. New York: St. Martins Press, 2007, l. 1728

  64. 64.

    Milton Friedman on Greed. Excerpt from an interview with Phil Donahue, 1979. YouTube. Accessed February 6, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWsx1X8PV_A.

  65. 65.

    Kaiser, Tobias. “Top-Ökonom Snower zweifelt an seiner Wissenschaft.” Die Welt Online. 29 September 2012. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article109539943/Top-Oekonom-Snower-zweifelt-an-seiner-Wissenschaft.html.

  66. 66.

    Wimberley, James. “Flea markets.” Samefacts. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.samefacts.com/2015/04/economics/flea-markets/.

  67. 67.

    “WDR interview with Naomi Klein: Klimawandel ändert alles.” 21 March 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. www1.wdr.de/themen/kultur/naomi-klein100.html.

  68. 68.

    Ekardt, Felix. “Nicht die Konzerne - wir selbst sind das Problem.” Die Zeit Online. 11 March 2015. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2015-03/naomi-klein-kapitalismus-klimawandel.

  69. 69.

    Toke, David, and Volkmar Lauber. “Anglo-Saxon and German approaches to neoliberalism and environmental policy: the case of financing renewable energy.” Geoforum, no. 38 (2007): 677–87.

  70. 70.

    Rich, Howard. “Germany’s Green Energy Disaster: A Cautionary Tale For World Leaders.” Forbes. 14 March 2013. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/03/14/germanys-green-energy-disaster-a-cautionary-tale-for-world-leaders/#3362c8914a69.

  71. 71.

    Jeske, “The Visible Hand of Economic Prosperity.” See Footnote 7.

  72. 72.

    See the Godesberg Program https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Godesberg_Program

  73. 73.

    The CDU mayor of Landshut, quoted by Görres in conversation.

  74. 74.

    Horton, Scott. “Our Century: A Dialogue with Helmut Schmidt and Fritz Stern (IV).” Harper’s Magazine. 24 September 2010. Accessed February 6, 2016. http://harpers.org/blog/2010/09/our-century-a-dialogue-with-helmut-schmidt-and-fritz-stern-iv/.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Morris, C., Jungjohann, A. (2016). Green Capitalism Made in Germany. In: Energy Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31891-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31891-2_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31890-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31891-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics