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Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Working Principles and Device Technology

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Book cover Applied Photochemistry

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Chemistry ((LNC,volume 92))

Abstract

Organic electronics is a field of material science that has encountered a rapid advance over the last few decades and has now reached the commercial marketplace. Its most relevant example is represented by Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) technology, able to combine the device low energy consumption and low production costs with many additional appealing features, such as large emitting surfaces, transparency and flexibility, color-tunability and color-quality. These unique properties of OLEDs allow to design low cost, large area flexible displays and white lighting sources that can fit to many different environmental requirements, resulting in tremendous benefits in imaging, lighting, automotive, transportation, communication, agriculture and medicine.

This chapter provides an overview on the basic working principles of the devices with the analysis of the different kinds of emission mechanisms and the methods to improve quantum efficiency by optimization of the device architecture. The main classes of materials employed in OLED technology are presented focusing on few representative examples while the challenges to be faced by future research on material and device stability are discussed in view of commercialization applications. Some of the outstanding results recently obtained in white OLEDs (WOLEDs), able to produce a revolution in the next generation lighting industry, are also presented at the end of the chapter.

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Abbreviations

ηPL :

Efficiency of photoluminescence

CCT:

Colour temperature

CIE:

Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

CRI:

Colour rendering index

CT:

Charge transfer

DF:

Delayed fluorescence

EA:

Electron affinity

EBL:

Electron blocking layers

EIL:

Electron injection layers

EL :

Electroluminescence

EML:

Emitting material layer

EQE:

External quantum efficiency

ET:

Energy transfer

ET :

Triplet energy levels

ETL:

Electron transport layers

FRET:

Förster resonance ET

HBL:

Hole blocking layers

HIL:

Hole injection layers

HOMO:

Highest occupied molecular orbital

HTL:

Hole transport layers

IC:

Internal conversion

ICS:

Inter system crossing

IP:

Ionization potential

IQE:

Internal quantum efficiency of electroluminescence

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

J 0 :

Critical current density

K:

Kelvin

L:

Luminance

LE:

Luminous or current efficiency

LUMO:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

MW:

Molecular weight

OLED:

Organic light emitting diode

PE:

Power efficiencies

PHOLED:

Phosphorescent OLED

PL:

Photoluminescence

PLED:

Polymer OLED

RISC:

Reverse inter system crossing

SMOLED:

Small molecule OLED

TADF:

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence

Tg :

Glass transition temperatures

TTA:

Triplet–triplet annihilation

V:

Applied voltage

WOLED:

White light organic emitting diode

ΔEST :

Singlet-triplet energy splitting

ηC :

Fraction of light coupled out of the structure into the viewing direction

ϕ:

Work function

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Via E. Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy

    Umberto Giovanella, Mariacecilia Pasini & Chiara Botta

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  1. Umberto Giovanella
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  2. Mariacecilia Pasini
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  3. Chiara Botta
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Correspondence to Umberto Giovanella .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Giacomo Bergamini

  2. Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Serena Silvi

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Giovanella, U., Pasini, M., Botta, C. (2016). Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Working Principles and Device Technology. In: Bergamini, G., Silvi, S. (eds) Applied Photochemistry. Lecture Notes in Chemistry, vol 92. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31671-0_3

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