Abstract
The remarkable innovation in molecular imaging and the introduction of advanced neurological diagnostic tools encouraged researchers and physicians in optimizing technological resources to approach brain diseases with increased accuracy of diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provide different and complementary information with both advantages and disadvantages. PET gives metabolic and molecular data, while CT offers high spatial resolution fiving detailed information at anatomical level, and MR enables investigation at morphological and functional levels also allowing diffusion imaging and spectroscopy [1]. In the attempt to overcome the limitations of stand-alone imaging methods, different modality combinations have been introduced.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Margolis DJ, Hoffman JM, Gambhir SS et al (2007) Molecular imaging techniques in body imaging. Radiology 245:333–356
Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Israel O et al (2003) Clinical performance of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer: additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient management. J Nucl Med 44:1200–1209
Pichler BJ, Judenhofer MS, Pfannenberg C (2008) Multimodal imaging approaches: PET/CT and PET/MRI. Handb Exp Pharmacol 185:109–132
Kak AC, Slaney M (1988) Principles of computerized tomographic imaging. IEEE Press, New York
Kalender WA (ed) (2011) Computed tomography: fundamentals, system technology, image quality, application, 3rd edn. Erlangen, Publicis Publishing
Ohnesorge B, Flohr T (eds) (2006) Multi-slice and dual-source CT in cardiac imaging: principles-protocols-indications-outlook, 2nd edn. Heidelberg, Springer
Johnson TR (2009) Dual-energy CT: technical background. In: Reiser MF, Becker CR (eds) Multislice CT, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 65–73
Willemink MJ, de Jong PA, Schilham AM et al (2013) Iterative reconstruction techniques for computed tomography Part 1: technical principles. Eur Radiol 23:1623–1631
Nutt R (2002) 1999 ICP Distinguished Scientist Award. The history of positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 4:11–26
Muehllehner G, Karp JS (2006) Positron emission tomography. Phys Med Biol 51:R117–R137
Moses WW (2011) Fundamental limits of spatial resolution in PET. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 648(Supplement 1):S236–S240
Bendriem B, Townsend DW (eds) (2013) The theory and practice of 3D PET, vol 32. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht
Bischof Delaloye A, Carrió I, Silberman B et al (2007) White paper of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) and the European Society of Radiology (ESR) on multimodality imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:1147–1151
Frayne R, Goodyear BG, Sevick RJ et al (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla: challenges and advantages in clinical neurological imaging. Invest Radiol 38(7):385–402
Dale BM, Brown MA, Semelka RC (eds) (2015) MRI: basic principles and applications, 5th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken
Turner R (1993) Gradient coil design: a review of methods. Magn Reson Imaging 11:903–920
Liang ZP, Lauterbur PC (2000) Principles of magnetic resonance imaging: a signal processing perspective. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York
Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D et al (1988) Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 68:497–505
Reichenbach JR, Schweser F, Serres B, Deistung A (2015) Quantitative susceptibility mapping: concepts and applications. Clin Neuroradiol 25(Suppl 2):225–230
Ciobanu L, Solomon E, Frydman L et al (2015) fMRI contrast at high and ultrahigh magnetic fields: insight from complementary methods. Neuroimage 113:37–43
Barker PB, Hearshen DO, Boska MD (2001) Single-voxel proton MRS of the human brain at 1.5T and 3.0T. Magn Reson Med 45:765–769
Townsend DW, Beyer T, Blodgett TM (2003) PET/CT scanners: a hardware approach to image fusion. Semin Nucl Med 33:193–204
Schöder H, Erdi YE, Yeung HW et al (2003) PET/CT: a new imaging technology in nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1419–1437
Seemann MD (2004) PET/CT: fundamental principles. Eur J Med Res 9:241–246
Alessio AM, Kinahan PE, Karp JS et al (2004) PET/CT scanner instrumentation, challenges, and solutions. Radiol Clin North Am 42:1017–1032
Farwell MD, Pryma DA, Mankoff DA (2014) PET/CT imaging in cancer: current applications and future directions. Cancer 120:3433–3445
Delso G, Ter Voert E, Veit-Haibach P (2015) How does PET/MR work? Basic physics for physicians. Abdom Imaging 40:1352–1357
Ziegler SI, Pichler BJ, Schwaiger M et al (2001) A prototype high-resolution animal positron tomograph with avalanche photodiode arrays and LSO crystals. Eur J Nucl Med 28:136–143
Judenhofer MS, Wehrl HF, Pichler BJ et al (2008) Simultaneous PET-MRI: a new approach for functional and morphological imaging. Nat Med 14:459–465
Wehrl HF, Sauter AW, Pichler BJ et al (2015) Combined PET/MR: a technology becomes mature. J Nucl Med 56:165–168
Shah SN, Huang SS (2015) Hybrid PET/MR imaging: physics and technical considerations. Abdom Imaging 40:1358–1365
Delso G, Ziegler S (2009) PET/MRI system design. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36(Suppl 1):S86–S92
Wagenknecht G, Kaiser HJ, Herzog H et al (2013) MRI for attenuation correction in PET: methods and challenges. MAGMA 26:99–113
Hofmann M, Bezrukov I, Schölkopf B et al (2011) MRI-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET/MRI: quantitative evaluation of segmentation- and atlas-based methods. J Nucl Med 5:1392–1399
Berker Y, Franke J, Schulz V et al (2012) MRI-based attenuation correction for hybrid PET/MRI systems: a 4-class tissue segmentation technique using a combined ultrashort-echo-time/Dixon MRI sequence. J Nucl Med 53:796–804
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Larobina, M., Nappi, C., Gaudieri, V., Cuocolo, A. (2016). Instrumentation. In: Ciarmiello, A., Mansi, L. (eds) PET-CT and PET-MRI in Neurology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31614-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31614-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31612-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31614-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)