Skip to main content

Hormonal Evaluation and Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Contemporary Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

  • 1090 Accesses

Abstract

Significant controversy currently exists regarding the evaluation and treatment of hypogonadism, especially in the setting of erectile dysfunction. Testosterone replacement therapy improves libido, but research supporting its role for improving erectile function is less clear. Despite the controversy and limitations in the literature, there is a role for hormonal evaluation in patients with sexual dysfunction and hormone replacement in selected patients with hypogonadism. Most recommendations support screening men with erectile dysfunction for hypogonadism, particularly among those men presenting with any additional hypogonadal symptoms. Men with very low testosterone or younger men may be initially treated with testosterone replacement therapy to improve erectile function. Eugonadal men with erectile dysfunction should not be treated with testosterone.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Baillargeon J, Urban RJ, Ottenbacher KJ, et al. Trends in androgen prescribing in the United States, 2001 to 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:1465–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Handelsman DJ. Global trends in testosterone prescribing, 2000–2011: expanding the spectrum of prescription drug misuse. Med J Aust. 2013;19:548–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Garnick MB. Testosterone replacement therapy faces FDA scrutiny. JAMA. 2015;313:563–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ko EY, Siddiqi K, Brannigan RE, et al. Empirical medical therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a survey of the American Urological Association. J Urol. 2012;187:973–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. American Urological Association: five things that physicians and patients should question. In: Choosing Wisely; 2013. https://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/practices-resources/quality/choosing-wisely/Five-Questions.pdf. Accessed 14 Feb 2015.

  6. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. NEJM. 2010;363:109–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Vigen R, O’Donnell CI, Baron AE, et al. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013;310:1829–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Finkle WD, Greenland S, Ridgeway GK, et al. Increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction following testosterone therapy prescription in men. PLoS One. 2014;9:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tavernise S. F.D.A. panel backs limits on testosterone drugs. The New York Times; 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/18/health/testosterone-drugs-fda.html?_r = 0. Accessed 14 Feb 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Morgentaler A. Testosterone, cardiovascular risk, and hormonophobia. J Sex Med. 2014;11:1362–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kalinchenko SY, Tishova YA, Mskhalaya GJ, et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on markers of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome: the double-blinded placebo-controlled Moscow study. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;73:602–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011;34:828–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Baillargeon J, Urban RJ. Risk of myocardial infarction in older men receiving testosterone therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48:1138–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Shores MM, Smith NL, Forsberg CW, et al. Testosterone treatment and mortality in men with low testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2050–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Montorsi F, Briganti A, Salonia A, et al. Erectile dysfunction prevalence, time of onset, and association with risk factors in 300 consecutive patients with acute chest pain and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Eur Urol. 2003;44:360–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nehra A, Jackson G, Miner M, et al. The Princeton III consensus recommendations for the management of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87:766–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Guay AT, Traish A. Testosterone deficiency and risk factors in the metabolic syndrome: implications for erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin N Am. 2011;38:175–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wu FC, Tajar A, Beynon JM, et al. Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. NEJM. 2010;363:123–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Isidori AM, Buvat J, Corona G, et al. A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: from pathophysiology to treatment—a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2014;65:99–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Buvat J, Jaoude GB. Significance of hypogonadism in erectile dysfunction. World J Urol. 2006;24:657–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mulligan T, Frick MF, Zuraw QC, et al. Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:762–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Hall SA, Esche GR, Araujo AB, et al. Correlates of low testosterone and symptomatic androgen deficiency in a population-based sample. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3870–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychological correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151:54–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mikhail N. Does testosterone have a role in erectile function? Am J Med. 2006;119:373–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kohler TS, Kim J, Feia K, et al. Prevalence of androgen deficiency in men with erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2008;71:693–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Buvat J, Lemaire A. Endocrine screening in 1022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy. J Urol. 1997;158:764–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:589–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol. 2010;95:2536–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tancredi A, Reginster JY, Schleigh F, et al. Interest of the androgen deficiency in aging males (ADAM) questionnaire for the identification of hypogonadism in elderly community-dwelling male volunteers. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151:355–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morley JE, Charlton E, Patrick P, et al. Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males. Metabolism. 2000;49:1239–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ. Serum testosterone assays—accuracy matters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kelleher S, Conway AJ, Handelsman DJ. Blood testosterone threshold for androgen deficiency symptoms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3813–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM, et al. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations. Eur Urol. 2005;48:1–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang C, Catlin DH, Demers LM, et al. Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:534–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mohr BA, Guay AT, O’Donnell AB, et al. Normal, bound, and nonbound testosterone levels in normally ageing men: results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Clin Endocrinol. 2005;62:64–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Earle CM, Stuckey BG. Biochemical screening in the assessment of erectile dysfunction: what tests decide future therapy? Urology. 2003;62:727–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Elin RJ, Winters SJ. Current controversies in testosterone testing: aging and obesity. Clin Lab Metab. 2004;24:119–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Zitzmann M, Faber S, Nieschlag E. Association of specific symptoms and metabolic risks with serum testosterone in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4335–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Welliver R, Wiser H, Brannigan R, et al. Validity of midday total testosterone levels in older men with erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2014;192:165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Brambilla S, O’Donnell AB, Matsumoto AM, et al. Intraindividual variation in levels of serum testosterone and other reproductive and adrenal hormones in men. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;67:853–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hockenberry MS, Masson P. Erectile dysfunction in the elderly. Curr Geri Rep. 2015;4:33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Angelback JH, DuBrul EF. The effect of neonatal testosterone on specific male and female patterns of phosphorylated cystosolic proteins in the rat preoptic-hypothalamus, cortex and amygdala. Brain Res. 1983;264:277–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hull EM, Lorrain DS, Du J, et al. Hormone-neurotransmitter interactions in the control of sexual behavior. Behav Brain Res. 1999;105:105–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Baba K, Yajima M, Carrier S, et al. Delayed testosterone replacement restores nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibres and the erectile response in rat penis. BJU Int. 2000;85:953–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Traish AM, Kim N. The physiological role of androgens in penile erection: regulation of corpus cavernosum structure and function. J Sex Med. 2005;2:759–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chamness SL, Ricker DD, Crone JK, et al. The effect of androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat. Fertil Steril. 1995;63:1101–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhang XH, Morelli A, Luconi M, et al. Testosterone regulates PDE5 expression and in vivo responsiveness to tadalafil in rat corpus cavernosum. Eur Urol. 2005;47:409–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yang R, Huang YC, Lin G, et al. Lack of direct androgen regulation of PDE5 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;380:758–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Traish AM, Toselli P, Jeong SJ, et al. Adipocyte accumulation in penile corpus cavernosum of the orchiectomized rabbit: a potential mechanism for veno-occlusive dysfunction in androgen deficiency. J Androl. 2005;26:242–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Edwards E, Hamilton J, Duntley S. Testosterone propionate as a therapeutic agent in patients with organic disease of peripheral vessels. N Engl J Med. 1939;220:865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Webb CM, McNeill JG, Hayward CS, et al. Effects of testosterone on coronary vasomotor regulation in men with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1999;100:1690–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kang S, Jang Y, Kim Y, et al. Effect of oral administration of testosterone on brachial artery vasoreactivity in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:862–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Schultheiss D, Badalyan R, Platz A, et al. Androgen and estrogen receptors in the human corpus cavernosum penis immunohistochemical and cell culture results. World J Urol. 2003;21:320–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Aversa A, Isidori AM, DeMartino MU, et al. Androgens and penile erection: evidence for a direct relationship between free testosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol. 2000;53:517–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Storelu S, Gregoire M, Gerard D, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of visually evoked sexual arousal in human males. Arch Sex Behav. 1999;28:1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Steidle C, Schwartz S, Jacoby K, et al. AA2500 testosterone gel normalizes androgen levels in aging males with improvements in body composition and sexual function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2673–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A, et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:839–53.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Travison TG, Araujo AB, Morley JE, et al. The relationship between libido and testosterone in aging men results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2509–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ellis WJ, Grayhack JT. Sexual function in aging males after orchiectomy and estrogen therapy. J Urol. 1963;89:895–9.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Greenstein A, Plymate SR, Katz PG. Visually stimulated erection in castrated men. J Urol. 1995;153:650–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Rivier JE, et al. Effects of endogenous testosterone and estradiol on sexual behavior in normal young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:711–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Finklestein JS, Lee H, Burnett-Bowie SA, et al. Gondal steroids and body composition, strength, and sexual function in men. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1011–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. O’Connor DB, Lee DM, Corona G, et al. The relationships between sex hormones and sexual function in middle-aged and older European men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:E1577–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gooren LJ. Androgen levels and sex functions in testosterone-treated hypogonadal men. Arch Sex Behav. 1987;16:463–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Carani C, Bancroft J, Granata A, et al. Testosterone and erectile function, nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity, and erectile response to visual erotic stimuli in hypogonadal and eugonadal men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992;17:647–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Anderson RA, Bancroft J, Wu FC. The effects of exogenous testosterone on sexuality and mood of normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1503–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, et al. Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: results of a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol. 2005;63:381–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Bolona ER, Uraga MV, Haddad RM, et al. Testosterone use in men with sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:20–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Tsertsvadze A, Fink HA, Yazdi F, et al. Oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and hormonal treatments of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:650–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Saad F, Aversa A, Isidori AM, et al. Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165:675–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Guay AT, Bansal S, Heatley GJ. Effect of raising endogenous testosterone levels in impotent men with secondary hypogonadism: double blind placebo-controlled trial with clomiphene citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3546–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Taylor F, Levine L. Clomiphene citrate and testosterone gel replacement therapy for male hypogonadism: efficacy and treatment cost. J Sex Med. 2010;7:269–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Katz DJ, Nabulsi O, Tal R, et al. Outcome of clomiphene citrate treatment in young hypogonadal men. BJU Int. 2012;110:573–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Moskovic DJ, Katz DJ, Akhavan J, et al. Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long-term management of hypogonadism. BJU Int. 2012;110:1524–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jannini EA, Isidori AM, Gravina GL, et al. The ENDOTRIAL study: a spontaneous, open-label, randomized, multicenter, crossover study on the efficacy of sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009;6:2547–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Spitzer M, Basaria S, Travison TG, et al. Effect of testosterone replacement on response to sildenafil citrate in men with erectile dysfunction: a parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:681–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Shabsigh R, Kaufman JM, Steidle C, et al. Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to tadalafil alone. J Urol. 2004;172:658–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Buvat J, Montorsi F, Maggi M, et al. Hypogonadal men nonresponders to PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil benefit from normalization of testosterone levels with a 1 % hydroalcoholic testosterone gel in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (TADTEST study). J Sex Med. 2011;8:284–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hatzimouratidis K, Eardley I, Giuliano F, et al. Guidelines on male sexual dysfunction: erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Arnhem: European Association of Urology; 2014. http://uroweb.org/guideline/male-sexual-dysfunction/. Accessed 14 Feb 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Montague DK, Jarow JP, Broderick GA, et al. Erectile dysfunction guideline; 2011. AUA. https://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Erectile-Dysfunction.pdf. Accessed 14 Feb 2015.

  81. Qaseem A, Snow V, Denberg TD, et al. Hormonal testing and pharmacologic treatment of erectile dysfunction: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2009;15:639–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Fowler JE, Whitmore WF. The response of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate to exogenous testosterone. J Urol. 1981;126:372–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. World Health Organization Task Force. World Health Organization Task Force on methods for regulation of male fertility. contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. Lancet. 1990;336:955–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Pearl JA, Berhanu D, Francois N, et al. Testosterone supplementation does not worsen lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2013;190:1828–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:170–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Morgentaler A, Traish AM. Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth. Eur Urol. 2009;55:310–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Buvat J, Maggi M, Guay A. Testosterone deficiency in men: systematic review and standard operating procedures for diagnosis and treatment. J Sex Med. 2013;10:245–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Dohle GR, Arver S, Bettochi S. Guidelines on male hypogonadism. Arnhem: European Association of Urology; 2012. http://uroweb.org/guideline/male-hypogonadism/. Accessed 14 Feb 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ajayi AA, Mathur R, Halushka PV. Coronary heart disease/myocardial infarction: testosterone increases human platelet thromboxane A sub 2 receptor density and aggregation responses. Circulation. 1995;91:2742–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Fernandez-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Lane M, et al. Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2560–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Jones TH. Testosterone deficiency: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010;21:496–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Keating NL, O’Malley J, Freedland SJ, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy: observational study of veterans with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:39–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Araujo AB, Dixon JM, Suarez EA, et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;95:3007–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Seftel AD. Does testosterone increase the risk of a cardiovascular event? Yes. J Urol. 2014;192:13–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bhasin S, Enzlin P, Coviello A, et al. Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders. Lancet. 2007;369:597–611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Delavierre D, Girard P, Peneau M, et al. Should plasma prolactin assay be routinely performed in the assessment of erectile dysfunction? Report of a series of 445 patients. Prog Urol. 1999;9:1097–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. De Rosa M, Zarrilli S, Vitale G, et al. Six months of treatment with cabergoline restores sexual potency in hyperprolactinemic males: an open longitudinal study monitoring nocturnal penile tumescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:621–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Morales A, Heaton JP. Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction: pathophysiological observations and therapeutic outcomes. BJU Int. 2003;92:896–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:482–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Carani C, Isidori AM, Granata A, et al. Multicenter study on the prevalence of sexual symptoms in male hypo- and hyperthyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:6472–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Clinicaltrials.gov. The testosterone trial in older men. 2008. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00799617. Accessed 14 Feb 2015.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Puneet Masson MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hockenberry, M.S., Masson, P. (2016). Hormonal Evaluation and Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction. In: Köhler, T., McVary, K. (eds) Contemporary Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31587-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31587-4_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31585-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31587-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics