Abstract
In the male patient, US may help in distinguishing benign conditions of the mammary region, such as gynecomastia, from breast carcinoma. Many authors believe that the addition of US to mammography increases the diagnostic accuracy. However, US findings of malignancy in the male breast may be subtle, and the appearances of benign disease and malignant disease overlap. This chapter defines and illustrates the anatomy and the pathology of the breast in male and children from the point of view of full breast ultrasonography.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Georgescu AC, Enachescu V (2009) The diagnosis of gynecomastia by Doppler Ductal Ultrasonography. Etiopathogenic, endocrine and imaging correlations – partial data. Med Ultrason 11(3):33–40
Thomas DB, Jimenez LM, McTiernan A et al (1992) Breast cancer in men: risk factors with hormonal implications. Am J Epidemiol 135:734–748. PubMed Abstract
Ramirez-Torres MA, Carrera A, Zambrana M (2000) High incidence of hyperestrogenemia and dyslipidemia in a group of infertile men. Ginecol Obstet Mex 68:224–229
Fujimoto Y, Hatama M, Tezuka K, Otani H et al (2005) Ultrasonic screening of the thyroid in the patients with breast complaints. In: Research and development in breast ultrasound. Springer, Tokyo, pp 167–169
Fujimoto Y, Kato Y, Maekawa H et al (1988) Ultrasonic screening of thyroid in the patients with breast complaints. J Ultrasound Med 7:39–S283
Benvenga S, Smedile G, Lo Giudice F et al (2000) Euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia secondary to hyperestrogenemia in a male with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Metab Res 32(8):321–325, Page 50 of 50
De Rosa M, Zarrilli S, Di Sarno A et al (2003) Hyperprolactinemia in men. Clinical and biochemical features and response to treatment. Endocrine 20(1/2):75–82
Recchia AG, Vivacqua A, Gabriele S, Carpino A et al (2004) Xenoestrogens and the induction of proliferative effects in breast cancer cells via direct activation of oestrogen receptor alpha. Food Addit Contam 21(2):134–144
Vivacqua A, Recchia AG, Fasanella G, Gabriele S et al (2003) The food contaminants bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol act as agonists for estrogen receptor alpha in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Endocrine 22(3):275–284
Evans GF, Anthony Y, Turnage RH et al (2001) The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease. Am J Surg 181(2):96–100
Appelbaum AH, Evans GF, Levy KR et al (1999) Mammographic appearances of male breast disease. Radiographics 19(3):559–568
Cooper RA, Gunter BA, Ramamurthy L (1994) Mammography in men. Radiology 191(3):651–656
Berg WA (2006) Operator dependence of physician performed whole breast US: lesion detection and characterization. Radiology 214:355–365
Hertl K, Marolt-Musik M, Kocijancic I et al (2009) Haematomas after percutaneous vacuum assisted breast biopsy. Ultraschall in Med 30:33–36. doi:10.1055/s-2007-963724
Georgescu AC, Enachescu V, Bondari S (2010) The full breast Ultrasonography: an anatomical standardized imaging approach of the benign and malignant breast lesions. ECR, Vienna, EPOSTM. doi:10.1594/ecr2010/C-0434
Georgescu AC, Enachescu V (2010) The diagnosis of gynecomastia by Doppler ductal ultrasonography: etiopathogenic, endocrine and imaging correlations. ECR, Vienna, EPOSTM. doi:10.1594/ecr2010/C-0420
Renkes P, Gaucher P, Trechot P (1995) Spironolactone and hepatic toxicity. JAMA 273:376–377
Thompson D, Carter J (1993) Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy 13:37–45
Loube SD, Quirk RA (1975) Letter: breast cancer associated with administration of spironolactone. Lancet 1:1428–1429
Weiss RJ, Moysich BK, Swede H (2005) Epidemiology of male breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(1):20–26
Ruddy KJ, Winer EP (2013) Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Ann Oncol. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt025
Burga AM, Fadare O, Lininger RA et al (2006) Invasive carcinomas of the male breast: a morphologic study of the distribution of histologic subtypes and metastatic patterns in 778 cases. Virchows Arch 449(5):507–512
Kornegoor R, Verschuur-Maes AH, Buerger H et al (2012) Molecular subtyping of male breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol 25(3):398–404
Kujiraoka Y, Ueno E, Yohno E, Morishima I, Tsunoda-Shimizu H (2005) Incident angle of the plunging artery of breast tumors. In: Research and development in breast ultrasound. Springer, Tokyo, pp 72–75
Stavros AT, Thickman D, Rapp CL, Dennis MA, Parker SH, Sisney GA (1995) Solid breast nodules: use of sonography to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 196:123–134
Olsson H, Bladstrom A, Alm P (2002) Male gynecomastia and risk for malignant tumours – a cohort study. BMC Cancer 2:26. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-2-26
Georgescu AC, Andrei ME, Enachescu V, Bondari S (2013) New horizons in breast Doppler ductal echography: the positive and differential diagnosis of ductal ectasia, with etiopathological correlations. ECR, Viena, EPOSTM. doi:10.1594/ecr2013/C-0667
Phillips BG, Pinkernell HB, Jing T-Y (1996) The association of hyperestrogenemia with coronary thrombosis in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16:1383–1387
Luo JJ (2007) Hyperestrogenemia simulating kennedy disease. J Clin Neuromusc Dis 9(2):291–296
Georgescu AC, Andrei ME, Manda A, Bondari S, Sendroiu I (2015) Contributions of imaging examinations in the diagnosis of the von Recklinghausen disease. ECR, Vienna, EPOSTM. doi:10.1594/ecr2015/C-1014
Kaplowitz PB, Kemp S, Windle LM, Levitsky LL et al (2014) Precocious puberty. Medscape, 14 Oct. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924002-clinical
Vade A, Lafita VS, Ward KA, Lim-Dunham JE, Bova D (2008) Role of breast sonography in imaging of adolescents with palpable solid breast masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191:659–663, © American Roentgen Ray Society
Bock K, Duda VF, Hadji P, Ramaswamy A, Schulz-Wendtland R, Klose K-J, Wagner U (2005) Pathologic breast conditions in childhood and adolescence evaluation by sonographic diagnosis. J Ultrasound Med 24:1347–1354, 0278–4297
Weinstein SP, Conant EF, Orel SG, Zuckerman JA, Bellah R (2000) Spectrum of US findings in pediatric and adolescent patients with palpable breast masses. Radiographics 20:1613–1621, © RSNA, 2000
Kronemer KA, Rhee K, Siegel MJ et al (2001) Gray scale sonography of breast masses in adolescent girls. J Ultrasound Med 20(5):491–496, quiz 498. [Medline]
Tot T (2007) The theory of the sick breast lobe and the possible consequences. Int J Surg Pathol 1:68–71
Chateil JF, Arboucalot F, Perel Y et al (1998) Breast metastasis in adolescent girls: US findings. Pediatr Radiol 28:832–835, CrossRef
Boothroyd A, Carty H (1994) Breast masses in childhood and adolescence: a presentation of 17 cases and a review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol 24:81–84, CrossRef
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Colan-Georges, A. (2016). Physiological and Pathological Aspects of Full Breast Ultrasonography in Men and Children. In: Atlas of Full Breast Ultrasonography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31418-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31418-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31417-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31418-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)