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miRNA as Prognostic and Therapeutic Targets in Tumor of Male Urogenital Tract

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Molecular Targets and Strategies in Cancer Prevention

Abstract

miRNAs are endogenous, single-stranded, short non-coding RNA sequences (about 22 nucleotides) capable to negative modulate the post-transcriptional expression of genes by binding the complementary 3′ untranslated region of mRNA targets. miRNAs work in the translation of targeted mRNA acting as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. They are synthesized in the nucleus and then transported into cytoplasm where the maturation process is carried out. Furthermore, miRNAs can bind either to the 3′ untranslated region of the mRNA target through imperfect complementarity, or at multiple sites inhibiting the interaction of the mRNA with the ribosomal complex and the translational machinery. Moreover, the not perfect complementarity with the target results in the fact that miRNAs have multiple intracellular targets, and it leads to an amplification of the biological effects. Currently, in the human genome, the number of encoded miRNAs is about 1000. They play an important role in self development, differentiation, proliferation, cell-cycle control, apoptosis and metabolism. Several diseases, such as cancer, have been associated with distinct miRNA signatures, and it means that specific miRNA programs are activated in different pathophysiological processes. Therefore, there has been an exponential growth for the regulatory roles of miRNAs in the development of diseases. Actually, several recent studies indicate that miRNAs could be suitable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis as well as prognostic and therapeutic tools for solid or hematopoietic malignancies [1, 2]. miRNAs, which are upregulated in cancer cells and contribute to carcinogenesis by inhibiting tumor suppressor genes, are considered oncogenic miRNAs (OncomiRs), while downregulated miRNAs, that normally prevent cancer development by inhibiting the expression of proto-oncogenes, are known as tumor suppressor miRNAs. The most important advantage in miRNAs is the multiple targeting of different intracellular molecules that results in the amplification of the biological effect induced by miRNA. Similarly to the treatment of tumours with target based agents, the targeting of multiple signal transduction components can be useful in overcoming the redundancy of tumorigenic pathways in cancer cells. It is also of crucial importance to avoid the so-called off-target effects induced by miRNAs in normal tissues and thus it becomes essential to deliver the nucleic acids specifically in tumour tissues sparing normal counterparts [3].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy

    M. Caraglia, C. Alaia, A. Grimaldi, M. Boccellino & L. Quagliuolo

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  1. M. Caraglia
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  2. C. Alaia
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  3. A. Grimaldi
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  4. M. Boccellino
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  5. L. Quagliuolo
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Correspondence to M. Caraglia .

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  1. Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

    Malay Chatterjee

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Caraglia, M., Alaia, C., Grimaldi, A., Boccellino, M., Quagliuolo, L. (2016). miRNA as Prognostic and Therapeutic Targets in Tumor of Male Urogenital Tract. In: Chatterjee, M. (eds) Molecular Targets and Strategies in Cancer Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31254-5_7

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