Abstract
The chapter demonstrates how to analyze visual data with text obtained from the Mmogo-method. First-time mothers’ experience of meaning during pregnancy is used as an example. Data were obtained from six Afrikaans-speaking women (aged between 22 and 40 years) in the third trimester of their first pregnancy. The research was conducted at a private hospital which offered prenatal classes for pregnant women in the North West Province, South Africa. Visual data with text are analyzed using the following six steps: First, the research production context is described. Second, researchers assume an empathic position towards the data. Third, literal observations of elements in the visual representations are described. Fourth, the symbolic meanings attached by participants to the visual elements, which are determined during data collection and treated as such during data analysis, are described. Fifth, participant-introduced contexts are described. Sixth, informed by the previous four steps, researchers conduct an interpretive analysis, applying their skills as methodologists and subject experts. In the sixth step, findings are further compared with literature and the transferability of knowledge is demonstrated. Visual data analysis aims to move beyond the descriptive level while refraining from decontextualizing the content.
Keywords
‘The Mmogo-method®’ is a registered South African trademark of the North-West University.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abe, H., Hidaka, N., Kawagoe, C., Odagiri, K., Watanabe, Y., Ikeda, T., … Ishida, Y. (2007). Prenatal psychological stress causes higher emotionality depression-like behavior, and elevated activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Neuroscience Research, 59(1), 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.1465.
Baumgardner, S. R., & Crothers, M. K. (2010). Positive psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Bell, P. (2013). Content analysis of visual images. In T. Van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 10–34). London, UK: Sage.
Ben-Ari, O. T., Shlomo, S. B., Sivan, E., & Dolizki, M. (2009). The transition to motherhood – A time for growth. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(8), 943–970. doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.8.943.
Briggs, M. K., & Dixon, A. L. (2013). Woman’s spirituality across the life span: Implications for counselling. Counseling and Values, 58, 104–120. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.2013.00028.x.
Biggs, S., & Lowenstein, A. (2011). Generational intelligence. A critical approach to age relations. London, UK: Routledge.
Clark, A. M., Lissel, S. L., & Davis, C. (2008). Complex critical realism: Tenets and application in nursing research. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(4), 67–79. doi:10.1097/01.ANS.0000341421.34457.2a.
Coetzee, H. K., Wissing, M., & Temane, Q. (2010). Meaningfulness as experienced by a group of South Africans. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 50(3), 293–312.
Collier, M. (2013). Approaches to analysis in visual anthropology. In T. Van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 35–60). London, UK: Sage.
Dailey, D. E., & Stewart, A. L. (2007). Psychometric characteristics of the spiritual perspective scale in pregnant African-American woman. Research in Nursing & Health, 30(1), 61–71. doi:10.1002/nur.20173.
De Beer, J. (2014). Experiences of meaningfulness by a group of women during their first pregnancy. A focus on relationships. Unpublished masters’ dissertation. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North-West University.
Diem-Wille, G. (2013). A therapeutic perspective: The use of drawing in child psychoanalysis and social science. In T. Van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 19–133). London, UK: Sage.
Etowa, J. B. (2012). Becoming a mother: The meaning of childbirth for African-Canadian woman. Contemporary Nurse, 41(1), 28–40. doi:10.5172/conu.2014.46.2.142.
Farby, J. B., & Frankl, V. E. (1968). The pursuit of meaning: Logotherapy applied to life. Boston, MA: Beacon.
Frankl, V. E. (1992). Meaning in industrial society. The International Forum for Logotherapy, 15, 66–70.
Hamilton, J. G., & Lobel, M. (2008). Types, patterns, and predictors of coping with stress during pregnancy: Examination of the revised prenatal coping inventory in a diverse sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 29(2), 97–104. doi:10.1080/01674820701690624.
Herishanu-Gilutz, S., Shahar, G., Schattner, E., Kofman, O., & Holcberg, G. (2009). On becoming a first-time mother after an emergency Caesarean section: A journey from alienation to symbolic adoption. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(7), 967–981. doi:10.1177/1359105309341205.
Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2011). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religious Health, 52, 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2.
Jesse, D. E., & Reed, P. G. (2004). Effects of spirituality and psychosocial well-being on health risk behaviours in Appalachian pregnant women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynaecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 33(6), 739–747. doi:10.1177/0884217504270669.
King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2009). Detecting and constructing meaning in life events. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(5), 317–330. doi:10.1080/17439760902992316.
Liebenberg, L. (2014, July). Analysing image-based data using grounded theory: The negotiating resilience project. Paper presentation at the 14th thinking qualitative workshop series, Edmonton, Cananda.
Liebenberg, L., Didkowsky, N., & Ungar, M. (2012). Analysing image-based data using grounded theory: The negotiating resilience project. Visual Studies, 27(1), 59–74. doi:10.1080/1472586X.2012.642958.
Mann, J. R., Mannan, J., Quiñones, L. A., Palmer, A. A., & Torres, M. (2010). Religion, spirituality, social support, and perceived stress in pregnant and postpartum Hispanic women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39(6), 645–657. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01188.x.
Mercer, R. T. (2004). Becoming a mother versus maternal role attainment. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(3), 226–232. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04042.x.
Müller, M. G. (2011). Iconography and iconology as a visual method and approach. In E. Margolis & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (pp. 283–297). London, UK: Sage.
Nöth, W. (2011). Visual semiotics: Key features and an application to picture ads. In E. Margolis & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (pp. 289–316). London, UK: Sage.
Price, S., Lake, M., Breen, G., Carson, G., Quinn, C., & O’Connor, T. (2006). The spiritual experience of high-risk pregnancy. Journal of Obstetric, Gynaecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 36(1), 63–70. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00110.x.
Puren, K., & Roos, V. (2016). Using the Mmogo-method® to explore important places and their meaning in two communities: The importance of context. In V. Roos (Ed.), Understanding relational and group experiences through the Mmogo-method ® (Chap. 10, pp. 195–212). New York, NY: Springer.
Ravn, I. H., Smith, L., Lindemann, R., Smeby, N. A., Kyno, N. M., Bunch, E. H., … Sandvik, L. (2011). Effects of early intervention on social interaction between mothers and preterm infants at 12 months of age: A randomized control trial. Infant Behaviour and Development, 34, 215–225. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.11.004.
Redelinghuys, A., Coetzee, H., & Roos, V. (2014). First-Time mothers’ experiences of meaningfulness during their third trimester of pregnancy: A focus on spirituality. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(3), 246–251. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.906082.
Roos, V. (2016a). Conducting the Mmogo-method®. In V. Roos (Ed.), Understanding relational and group experiences through the Mmogo-method ® (Chap. 2, pp. 19–31). New York, NY: Springer.
Roos, V. (2016b). Implementing the Mmogo-method®: A group of Setswana-speaking older people’s relational experiences in a rural setting. In V. Roos (Ed.), Understanding relational and group experiences through the Mmogo-method ® (Chap. 5, pp. 55–88). New York, NY: Springer.
Roos, V. (2016c). Introducing the Mmogo-method® as visual data-collection method. In V. Roos (Ed.), Understanding relational and group experiences through the Mmogo-method ® (Chap. 1, pp. 3–17). New York, NY: Springer.
Saastad, E., Israel, P., Ahlborg, T., Gunnes, N., & Froen, J. F. (2011). Fetal movement counting – Effects on maternal-fetal attachment: A multicentre randomized control trial. Birth Issues in Prenatal Care, 38(4), 282–293. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536x.2011.00489.x.
Sawyer, A., Ayers, S., & Smith, H. (2010). Pre-and postnatal psychological wellbeing in Africa: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1), 17–29. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.027.
Siddiqui, A., & Hagglof, B. (2000). Does maternal prenatal attachment predict postnatal mother-infant interaction? Early Human Development, 59, 13–25. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(00)00076-1.
Spielman, V., & Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2009). Parental self-efficacy and stress-related growth in the transition to parenthood: A comparison between parents of pre- and full-term babies. Health & Social Work, 34(3), 201–212. doi:10.1093/hsw/34.3.201.
Stacey, R. (2007). The challenge of human interdependence. Consequences for thinking about the day to day practice of management in organizations. European Business Review, 19(4), 293–302. doi:10.1108/09555340710760125.
Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 679–687). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80.
Tavernier, R., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Adolescent turning points: The association between meaning-making and psychological well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48(4), 1058–1068. doi:10.1037/a0026326.
Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., & Davis, D. E. (2013). Defensive religion as a source of meaning in life: A dual mediational model. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 227–232. doi:10.1037/a0032695.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2013). Semiotics and iconography. In T. van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 92–118). London, UK: Sage.
Van Leeuwen, T., & Jewitt, C. (2013). Introduction. In T. van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 1–9). London, UK: Sage.
Vedova, A. M. D., Ducceshi, B., Cesana, B. M., & Imbasciati, A. (2011). Maternal bonding and risk of depression in late pregnancy: A survey of Italian nulliparous woman. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(3), 208–222. doi:10.1080/02646838.2011.592973.
Vorster, C., Roos, V., & Beukes, M. (2013). A psycho-diagnostic tool for psychotherapy: Interactional Pattern Analysis (IPA). Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(3), 163–170. doi:10.1080/14330237.2013.10820663.
Watzlawick, P., Bavelas, J. B., & Jackson, D. D. (2011). Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Wong, P. T. P. (2010). Meaning therapy: An integrative and positive existential psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 40(1), 85–93. doi:10.1007/s10879-009-9132-6.
Acknowledgements
Ms J. de Beer is acknowledged for literature on pregnancy and well-being and her management of the data collection process, and Ms H. Coetzee for her management of the research process and supervision of students.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roos, V., Redelinghuys, A. (2016). Analyzing Visual Data with Text from the Mmogo-method: Experience of Meaning During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. In: Roos, V. (eds) Understanding Relational and Group Experiences through the Mmogo-Method®. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31224-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31224-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31222-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31224-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)