Abstract
This section will summarize the results from the analysed jurisdiction, compare the findings and analyse similarities, differences, and key developments and trends in the legal frameworks for foreign investments in mining projects in Australia, South Africa and Colombia (section M.I-X). It will finally discuss whether these specific legal challenges can sufficiently be analysed by the legal framework provided for by general foreign investment law (section M.XI).
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Notes
- 1.
Bungenberg and Hobe (2015).
- 2.
Energy Charter (2014), Dispute Resolution.
- 3.
While the author considers the term “Soft Law” to vague, considering the importance of the Corporate Social responsibility policy answers of the international mining companies to the question of the Social License to Operate some might call CSR policies “International Mining Investment Soft Law”. Soft Law is usually used to describe non-binding recommendations, resolutions and declarations of bodies, organs and special organizations of the United Nations. The term Soft Law aims to grasp the regulatory power of such recommendations, resolutions and declarations despite their lack of judicial enforceability. In a study called Mining, Environment and Development, published by the United Nations Commission for Trade and Development (“UNCTAD”), the International Soft Law of mining is defined as including demands of international conferences and agreements such as the 1972 Stockholm principles, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (“UNCED”) Rio declaration and the UNCED Agenda 21. In the context of international business law and foreign investments, international codes of conduct are considered to be International Business Soft Law. They might be suggested by international organizations or NGOs, often with participation of the respective industry. Those international codes of conducts include the Berlin Guidelines, the ISO 14000 standards and the UN Global Compact.
- 4.
AngloGold Ashanti (2013).
- 5.
- 6.
ICMM (2014).
- 7.
Pulido and Ramiro (2014), p. 107.
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Roeder, R.W. (2016). Summary, Comparison and Analysis. In: Foreign Mining Investment Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31217-0_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31217-0_12
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