Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric CNS Tumors pp 93–120Cite as

Embryonal Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1755 Accesses

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

Abstract

Embryonal tumors comprise a large fraction of pediatric brain tumors (Ostrom et al. 2014), but their cell(s) of origin, histopathologic classification, and treatment remain controversial. For others, such as medulloblastoma, recent molecular studies have identified both oncogenic “driver” mutations and promising therapeutic targets. The prognosis of these tumors was at one time exceedingly poor, but therapeutic advances have led to substantial improvement in survival. Despite these gains, current treatment protocols, which rely on surgery, adjuvant radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy, often lead to debilitating and severe late effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albright AL, Wisoff JH, Zeltzer P, Boyett J, Rorke LB, Stanley P, Geyer JR, Milstein JM (1995) Prognostic factors in children with supratentorial (nonpineal) primitive neuroectodermal tumors. A neurosurgical perspective from the Children’s Cancer Group. Pediatr Neurosurg 22:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Halabi H, Nantel A, Klekner A, Guiot M-C, Albrecht S, Hauser P, Garami M, Bognar L, Kavan P, Gerges N et al (2011) Preponderance of sonic hedgehog pathway activation characterizes adult medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 121:229–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anastas JN, Moon RT (2013) WNT signalling pathways as therapeutic targets in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 13:11–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer TC, Weeraratne SD, Pomeroy SL (2012) Hedgehog-GLI pathway in medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 30:2154–2156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley DM, Meier L, Kerby T, Zalduondo FM, Friedman HS, Gajjar A, Kun L, Duffner PK, Smith S, Longee D (1996) Response of recurrent medulloblastoma to low-dose oral etoposide. J Clin Oncol 14:1922–1927

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley D, Merchant T, Zhou T, Coleman L, Pollack I, Duffner P, Burger P, Miller D, Buxton A, Douglas S (2008) P9934: systemic chemotherapy, second-look surgery and conformal radiation therapy limited to the posterior fossa and primary site for children >8 months and. Neuro Oncol 10:436–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey CC, Gnekow A, Wellek S, Jones M, Round C, Brown J, Phillips A, Neidhardt MK (1995) Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO): SIOP II. Med Pediatr Oncol 25:166–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batora NV, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Kool M, Pfister SM, Northcott PA (2014) Transitioning from genotypes to epigenotypes: why the time has come for medulloblastoma epigenomics. Neuroscience 264:171–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belza MG, Donaldson SS, Steinberg GK, Cox RS, Cogen PH (1991) Medulloblastoma: freedom from relapse longer than 8 years – a therapeutic cure? J Neurosurg 75:575–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger MS, Baumeister B, Geyer JR, Milstein J, Kanev PM, LeRoux PD (1991) The risks of metastases from shunting in children with primary central nervous system tumors. J Neurosurg 74:872–877

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biegel JA (2006) Molecular genetics of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. Neurosurg Focus 20, E11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biegel JA, Zhou JY, Rorke LB, Stenstrom C, Wainwright LM, Fogelgren B (1999) Germ-line and acquired mutations of INI1 in atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. Cancer Res 59:74–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigner SH, Mark J, Friedman HS, Biegel JA, Bigner DD (1988) Structural chromosomal abnormalities in human medulloblastoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 30:91–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouffet E, Bernard JL, Frappaz D, Gentet JC, Roche H, Tron P, Carrie C, Raybaud C, Joannard A, Lapras C et al (1992) M4 protocol for cerebellar medulloblastoma: supratentorial radiotherapy may not be avoided. Radiat Oncol Biol 24:79–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgouin PM, Tampieri D, Grahovac SZ, Léger C, Del Carpio R, Melançon D (1992) CT and MR imaging findings in adults with cerebellar medulloblastoma: comparison with findings in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:609–612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown HG, Kepner JL, Perlman EJ, Friedman HS, Strother DR, Duffner PK, Kun LE, Goldthwaite PT, Burger PC (2000) “Large cell/anaplastic” medulloblastomas: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:857–865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burger PC, Yu IT, Tihan T, Friedman HS, Strother DR, Kepner JL, Duffner PK, Kun LE, Perlman EJ (1998) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: a highly malignant tumor of infancy and childhood frequently mistaken for medulloblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1083–1092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CH, Housepian EM, Herbert C (1969) An operative staging system and a megavoltage radiotherapeutic technic for cerebellar medulloblastomas. Radiology 93:1351–1359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chi SN, Zimmerman MA, Yao X, Cohen KJ, Burger P, Biegel JA, Rorke-Adams LB, Fisher MJ, Janss A, Mazewski C et al (2009) Intensive multimodality treatment for children with newly diagnosed CNS atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor. J Clin Oncol 27:385–389

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cho Y-J, Tsherniak A, Tamayo P, Santagata S, Ligon A, Greulich H, Berhoukim R, Amani V, Goumnerova L, Eberhart CG et al (2011) Integrative genomic analysis of medulloblastoma identifies a molecular subgroup that drives poor clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 29:1424–1430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen BH, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Geyer JR, Allen JC, Finlay JL, McGuire-Cullen P, Milstein JM, Rorke LB, Stanley P et al (1995) Prognostic factors and treatment results for supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children using radiation and chemotherapy: a Childrens Cancer Group randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 13:1687–1696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbit KC, Aanstad P, Singla V, Norman AR, Stainier DYR, Reiter JF (2005) Vertebrate smoothened functions at the primary cilium. Nature 437:1018–1021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran EK, Sainani KL, Le GM, Propp JM, Fisher PG (2009) Gender affects survival for medulloblastoma only in older children and adults: a study from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52:60–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Potter P, Shields CL, Shields JA (1994) Clinical variations of trilateral retinoblastoma: a report of 13 cases. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 31:26–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch M, Reigel DH (1980) The value of myelography in the management of childhood medulloblastoma. Cancer 45:2194–2197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch M, Thomas PR, Krischer J, Boyett JM, Albright L, Aronin P, Langston J, Allen JC, Packer RJ, Linggood R et al (1996) Results of a prospective randomized trial comparing standard dose neuraxis irradiation (3,600 cGy/20) with reduced neuraxis irradiation (2,340 cGy/13) in patients with low-stage medulloblastoma. A Combined Children’s Cancer Group-Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Pediatr Neurosurg 24:167–176; discussion 176–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, Friedman HS, Burger PC, Cohen ME, Sanford RA, Mulhern RK, James HE, Freeman CR et al (1993) Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors. N Engl J Med 328:1725–1731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffner PK, Cohen ME, Sanford RA, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, Burger PC, Friedman HS, Kun LE (1995) Lack of efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in very young children with pineoblastoma. Pediatric Oncology Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 25:38–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eberhart CG, Kepner JL, Goldthwaite PT, Kun LE, Duffner PK, Friedman HS, Strother DR, Burger PC (2002) Histopathologic grading of medulloblastomas: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Cancer 94:552–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eberhart CG, Kratz J, Wang Y, Summers K, Stearns D, Cohen K, Dang CV, Burger PC (2004) Histopathological and molecular prognostic markers in medulloblastoma: c-myc, N-myc, TrkC, and anaplasia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63:441–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison DW, Onilude OE, Lindsey JC, Lusher ME, Weston CL, Taylor RE, Pearson AD, Clifford SC (2005) Beta-catenin status predicts a favorable outcome in childhood medulloblastoma: the United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group Brain Tumour Committee. J Clin Oncol 23:7951–7957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans AE, Jenkin RD, Sposto R, Ortega JA, Wilson CB, Wara W, Ertel IJ, Kramer S, Chang CH, Leikin SL et al (1990) The treatment of medulloblastoma. Results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone. J Neurosurg 72:572–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauchon F, Jouvet A, Paquis P, Saint-Pierre G, Mottolese C, Ben Hassel M, Chauveinc L, Sichez JP, Philippon J, Schlienger M et al (2000) Parenchymal pineal tumors: a clinicopathological study of 76 cases. Radiat Oncol Biol 46:959–968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine HA (2002) Polyomavirus and medulloblastoma: a smoking gun or guilt by association? J Natl Cancer Inst 94:240–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler M, Simpson DA (1962) A malignant melanin-forming tumour of the cerebellum. J Pathol Bacteriol 84:307–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman CR, Taylor RE, Kortmann RD, Carrie C (2002) Radiotherapy for medulloblastoma in children: a perspective on current international clinical research efforts. Med Pediatr Oncol 39:99–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar AJ, Heideman RL, Douglass EC, Kun LE, Kovnar EH, Sanford RA, Fairclough DL, Ayers D, Look AT (1993) Relation of tumor-cell ploidy to survival in children with medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 11:2211–2217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Fouladi M, Walter AW, Thompson SJ, Reardon DA, Merchant TE, Jenkins JJ, Liu A, Boyett JM, Kun LE et al (1999) Comparison of lumbar and shunt cerebrospinal fluid specimens for cytologic detection of leptomeningeal disease in pediatric patients with brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 17:1825–1828

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Hernan R, Kocak M, Fuller C, Lee Y, McKinnon PJ, Wallace D, Lau C, Chintagumpala M, Ashley DM et al (2004) Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular markers of prognosis: toward a new disease risk stratification system for medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 22:984–993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, Kellie S, Kun LE, Merchant TE, Woo S, Wheeler G, Ahern V, Krasin MJ et al (2006) Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 7:813–820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentet JC, Bouffet E, Doz F, Tron P, Roche H, Thyss A, Plantaz D, Stephan JL, Mottolese C, Ponvert D et al (1995) Preirradiation chemotherapy including “eight drugs in 1 day” regimen and high-dose methotrexate in childhood medulloblastoma: results of the M7 French Cooperative Study. J Neurosurg 82:608–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer JR, Sposto R, Jennings M, Boyett JM, Axtell RA, Breiger D, Broxson E, Donahue B, Finlay JL, Goldwein JW et al (2005) Multiagent chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy in infants with malignant brain tumors: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 23:7621–7631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giangaspero F, Rigobello L, Badiali M, Loda M, Andreini L, Basso G, Zorzi F, Montaldi A (1992) Large-cell medulloblastomas. A distinct variant with highly aggressive behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 16:687–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giangaspero F, Wellek S, Masuoka J, Gessi M, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2006) Stratification of medulloblastoma on the basis of histopathological grading. Acta Neuropathol 112:5–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson P, Tong Y, Robinson G, Thompson MC, Currle DS, Eden C, Kranenburg TA, Hogg T, Poppleton H, Martin J et al (2010) Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins. Nature 468:1095–1099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson R (2002) Paediatric embryonic brain tumours. Biological and clinical relevance of molecular genetic abnormalities. Eur J Cancer 38:675–685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson R, Wickramasinghe C, Hernan R, Balaji V, Hunt D, Jones-Wallace D, Crolla J, Perry R, Lunec J, Pearson A et al (2001) Clinical and molecular stratification of disease risk in medulloblastoma. Br J Cancer 85:705–712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilheeney SW, Saad A, Chi S, Turner C, Ullrich NJ, Goumnerova L, Scott RM, Marcus K, Lehman L, De Girolami U et al (2008) Outcome of pediatric pineoblastoma after surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 89:89–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorlin RJ, Goltz RW (1960) Multiple nevoid basal-cell epithelioma, jaw cysts and bifid rib. A syndrome. N Engl J Med 262:908–912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorlin RJ, Vickers RA, Kellen E, Williamson JJ (1965) Multiple basal-cell nevi syndrome. An analysis of a syndrome consisting of multiple nevoid basal-cell carcinoma, Jaw cysts, skeletal anomalies, medulloblastoma, and hyporesponsiveness to parathormone. Cancer 18:89–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grill J, Sainte-Rose C, Jouvet A, Gentet JC, Lejars O, Frappaz D, Doz F, Rialland X, Pichon F, Bertozzi AI et al (2005) Treatment of medulloblastoma with postoperative chemotherapy alone: an SFOP prospective trial in young children. Lancet Oncol 6:573–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grotzer MA, Janss AJ, Fung K, Biegel JA, Sutton LN, Rorke LB, Zhao H, Cnaan A, Phillips PC, Lee VM et al (2000) TrkC expression predicts good clinical outcome in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 18:1027–1035

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grotzer MA, Geoerger B, Janss AJ, Zhao H, Rorke LB, Phillips PC (2001) Prognostic significance of Ki-67 (MIB-1) proliferation index in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Med Pediatr Oncol 36:268–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney JG, Smith MA, Bunin GR (1999) CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms. In: Ries LAG, Smith MA, Gurney JG, Linet M, Tamra T, Young JL, Bunin GR (eds) Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER program 1975–1995. National Cancer Institute, SEER Program, Bethesda

    Google Scholar 

  • Gururangan S, McLaughlin C, Quinn J, Rich J, Reardon D, Halperin EC, Herndon J, Fuchs H, George T, Provenzale J et al (2003) High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in children and adults with newly diagnosed pineoblastomas. J Clin Oncol 21:2187–2191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halberg FE, Wara WM, Fippin LF, Edwards MS, Levin VA, Davis RL, Prados MB, Wilson CB (1991) Low-dose craniospinal radiation therapy for medulloblastoma. Radiat Oncol Biol 20:651–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, Papadopoulos N, Jen J, Powell SM, Krush AJ, Berk T, Cohen Z, Tetu B et al (1995) The molecular basis of Turcot’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:839–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartsell WF, Gajjar A, Heideman RL, Langston JA, Sanford RA, Walter A, Jones D, Chen G, Kun LE (1997) Patterns of failure in children with medulloblastoma: effects of preirradiation chemotherapy. Radiat Oncol Biol 39:15–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam RH, Lamborn KR, Becker LE, Israel MA (1998) Tumor cell apoptosis present at diagnosis may predict treatment outcome for patients with medulloblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 20:520–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Zhang L, Chen Y, Remke M, Shih D, Lu F, Wang H, Deng Y, Yu Y, Xia Y, et al (2014) The G protein L., Chen, Y., Remke, M., Shih, D., Lu, F., Wang, H., Deng, Y., Yu, Y., Xia, Y., et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25150496

  • Hilden JM, Watterson J, Longee DC, Moertel CL, Dunn ME, Kurtzberg J, Scheithauer BW (1998) Central nervous system atypical teratoid tumor/rhabdoid tumor: response to intensive therapy and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 40:265–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilden JM, Meerbaum S, Burger P, Finlay J, Janss A, Scheithauer BW, Walter AW, Rorke LB, Biegel JA (2004) Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: results of therapy in children enrolled in a registry. J Clin Oncol 22:2877–2884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirato J, Nakazato Y (2001) Pathology of pineal region tumors. J Neurooncol 54:239–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honig PJ, Charney EB (1982) Children with brain tumor headaches. Distinguishing features. Am J Dis Child 136:121–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hovestadt V, Jones DTW, Picelli S, Wang W, Kool M, Northcott PA, Sultan M, Stachurski K, Ryzhova M, Warnatz H-J et al (2014) Decoding the regulatory landscape of medulloblastoma using DNA methylation sequencing. Nature 510:537–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jagani Z, Mora-Blanco EL, Sansam CG, McKenna ES, Wilson B, Chen D, Klekota J, Tamayo P, Nguyen PTL, Tolstorukov M et al (2010) Loss of the tumor suppressor Snf5 leads to aberrant activation of the Hedgehog-Gli pathway. Nat Med 16:1429–1433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakacki RI (1999) Pineal and nonpineal supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 15:586–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakacki RI, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Albright AL, Allen JC, Geyer JR, Rorke LB, Stanley P, Stevens KR, Wisoff J et al (1995) Survival and prognostic factors following radiation and/or chemotherapy for primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the pineal region in infants and children: a report of the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 13:1377–1383

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Sutton ME, Lu DJ, Cho TA, Goumnerova LC, Goritchenko L, Kaufman JR, Lam KK, Billet al, Tarbell NJ et al (1999) Activation of neurotrophin-3 receptor TrkC induces apoptosis in medulloblastomas. Cancer Res 59:711–719

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman GM, Hochberg FH, Richardson EPJ (1981) Systemic metastases from medulloblastoma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Cancer 48:2296–2309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kool M, Koster J, Bunt J, Hasselt NE, Lakeman A, van Sluis P, Troost D, Meeteren NS-V, Caron HN, Cloos J et al (2008) Integrated genomics identifies five medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct genetic profiles, pathway signatures and clinicopathological features. PLoS ONE 3:e3088

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, Jones DTW, Schlanstein M, Northcott PA, Cho Y-J, Koster J, Schouten-van Meeteren A, van Vuurden D et al (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 123:473–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kool M, Jones DTW, Jäger N, Northcott PA, Pugh TJ, Hovestadt V, Piro RM, Esparza LA, Markant SL, Remke M et al (2014) Genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastoma predicts genotype-related responseto smoothened inhibition. Cancer Cell 25:393–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Kuhl J, Timmermann B, Mittler U, Urban C, Budach V, Richter E, Willich N, Flentje M, Berthold F et al (2000) Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT ’91. Radiat Oncol Biol 46:269–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krischer JP, Ragab AH, Kun L, Kim TH, Laurent JP, Boyett JM, Cornell CJ, Link M, Luthy AR, Camitta B (1991) Nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone as adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma. A Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Neurosurg 74:905–909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl J, Muller HL, Berthold F, Kortmann RD, Deinlein F, Maass E, Graf N, Gnekow A, Scheurlen W, Gobel U et al (1998) Preradiation chemotherapy of children and young adults with malignant brain tumors: results of the German pilot trial HIT“88/”89. Klin Padiatr 210:227–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard JR, Cai DX, Rivet DJ, Kaufman BA, Park TS, Levy BK, Perry A (2001) Large cell/anaplastic medulloblastomas and medullomyoblastomas: clinicopathological and genetic features. J Neurosurg 95:82–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy RA, Blaivas M, Muraszko K, Robertson PL (1997) Desmoplastic medulloblastoma: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18:1364–1366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW, Kleihues P (2007) The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 114:97–109

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mabbott DJ, Spiegler BJ, Greenberg ML, Rutka JT, Hyder DJ, Bouffet E (2005) Serial evaluation of academic and behavioral outcome after treatment with cranial radiation in childhood. J Clin Oncol 23:2256–2263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marinesco G, Goldstein M (1933) Sur une forme anatomique, non encore decrite, de medulloblastoma: medullomyoblastoma. Ann Anat Pathol 10:513–525

    Google Scholar 

  • McManamy CS, Lamont JM, Taylor RE, Cole M, Pearson AD, Clifford SC, Ellison DW (2003) Morphophenotypic variation predicts clinical behavior in childhood non-desmoplastic medulloblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:627–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McManamy CS, Pears J, Weston CL, Hanzely Z, Ironside JW, Taylor RE, Grundy RG, Clifford SC, Ellison DW (2007) Nodule formation and desmoplasia in medulloblastomas-defining the nodular/desmoplastic variant and its biological behavior. Brain Pathol 17:151–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil DE, Coté TR, Clegg L, Rorke LB (2002) Incidence and trends in pediatric malignancies medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a SEER update. Surveillance epidemiology and end results. Med Pediatr Oncol 39:190–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Kun LE, Krasin MJ, Wallace D, Chintagumpala MM, Woo SY, Ashley DM, Sexton M, Kellie SJ, Ahern V et al (2008) Multi-institution prospective trial of reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation (23.4 Gy) followed by conformal posterior fossa (36 Gy) and primary site irradiation (55.8 Gy) and dose-intensive chemotherapy for average-risk medulloblastoma. Radiat Oncol Biol 70:782–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Conklin HM, Wu S, Lustig RH, Xiong X (2009) Late effects of conformal radiation therapy for pediatric patients with low-grade glioma: prospective evaluation of cognitive, endocrine, and hearing deficits. J Clin Oncol 27:3691–3697

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Minn AY, Pollock BH, Garzarella L, Dahl GV, Kun LE, Ducore JM, Shibata A, Kepner J, Fisher PG (2001) Surveillance neuroimaging to detect relapse in childhood brain tumors: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 19:4135–4140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morland BJ, Parkes SE (1995) Decline in incidence of medulloblastoma in children. Cancer 76:155–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosijczuk AD, Nigro MA, Thomas PR, Burger PC, Krischer JP, Morantz RA, Kurdunowicz B, Mulne AF, Towbin RB, Freeman AI et al (1993) Preradiation chemotherapy in advanced medulloblastoma. A Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study. Cancer 72:2755–2762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Northcott PA, Hielscher T, Dubuc A, Mack S, Shih D, Remke M, Al-Halabi H, Albrecht S, Jabado N, Eberhart CG et al (2011a) Pediatric and adult sonic hedgehog medulloblastomas are clinically and molecularly distinct. Acta Neuropathol 122:231–240

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Witt H, Hielscher T, Eberhart CG, Mack S, Bouffet E, Clifford SC, Hawkins CE, French P et al (2011b) Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular variants. J Clin Oncol 29:1408–1414

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Northcott PA, Jones DTW, Kool M, Robinson GW, Gilbertson RJ, Cho Y-J, Pomeroy SL, Korshunov A, Lichter P, Taylor MD et al (2012a) Medulloblastomics: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Cancer 12:818–834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Northcott PA, Shih DJH, Peacock J, Garzia L, Morrissy AS, Zichner T, Stütz AM, Korshunov A, Reimand J, Schumacher SE et al (2012b) Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes. Nature 488:49–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Northcott PA, Lee C, Zichner T, Stütz AM, Erkek S, Kawauchi D, Shih DJH, Hovestadt V, Zapatka M, Sturm D et al (2014) Enhancer hijacking activates GFI1 family oncogenes in medulloblastoma. Nature 511:428–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nusse R, Varmus H (2012) Three decades of Wnts: a personal perspective on how a scientific field developed. Embo J 31:2670–2684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olson TA, Bayar E, Kosnik E, Hamoudi AB, Klopfenstein KJ, Pieters RS, Ruymann FB (1995) Successful treatment of disseminated central nervous system malignant rhabdoid tumor. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 17:71–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C, Chen Y, Dowling J, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan J (2014) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007–2011. Neuro-Oncology 16(Suppl 4):iv1–iv63

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Elterman R, Lange B, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, Mulne L, Boyett J, D’Angio G, Wechsler-Jentzsch K et al (1994) Outcome for children with medulloblastoma treated with radiation and cisplatin, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. J Neurosurg 81:690–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, Vezina LG, Allen JC, Ris MD, Muraszko K, Rorke LB, Wara WM, Cohen BH et al (1999) Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: a Children’s Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol 17:2127–2136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Biegel JA, Blaney S, Finlay J, Geyer JR, Heideman R, Hilden J, Janss AJ, Kun L, Vezina G et al (2002) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: report on workshop. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24:337–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Gajjar A, Vezina G, Rorke-Adams L, Burger PC, Robertson PL, Bayer L, LaFond D, Donahue BR, Marymont MH et al (2006) Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 24:4202–4208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer R, Zhou T, Vezina G, Holmes E, Gajjar A (2008) Long-term event-free, overall survival, and second malignant neoplasms in children with medulloblastoma treated with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of COG-A9961. Neuro Oncol 10:482

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer SL, Armstrong C, Onar-Thomas A, Wu S, Wallace D, Bonner MJ, Schreiber J, Swain M, Chapieski L, Mabbott D et al (2013) Processing speed, attention, and working memory after treatment for medulloblastoma: an international, prospective, and longitudinal study. J Clin Oncol 31:3494–3500

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patel S, Bhatnagar A, Wear C, Osiro S, Gabriel A, Kimball D, John A, Fields PJ, Tubbs RS, Loukas M (2014) Are pediatric brain tumors on the rise in the USA? Significant incidence and survival findings from the SEER database analysis. Childs Nerv Syst 30:147–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson AD, Craft AW, Ratcliffe JM, Birch JM, Morris-Jones P, Roberts DF (1982) Two families with the Li-Fraumeni cancer family syndrome. J Med Genet 19:362–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pelc K, Vincent S, Ruchoux MM, Kiss R, Pochet R, Sariban E, Decaestecker C, Heizmann CW (2002) Calbindin-d(28k): a marker of recurrence for medulloblastomas. Cancer 95:410–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins SM, Fei W, Mitra N, Shinohara ET (2013) Late causes of death in children treated for CNS malignancies. J Neurooncol 115:79–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson K, Walker RW (1995) Medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor in 45 adults. Neurology 45:440–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pietsch T, Waha A, Koch A, Kraus J, Albrecht S, Tonn J, Sorensen N, Berthold F, Henk B, Schmandt N et al (1997) Medulloblastomas of the desmoplastic variant carry mutations of the human homologue of drosophila patched. Cancer Res 57:2085–2088

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pizer BL, Weston CL, Robinson KJ, Ellison DW, Ironside J, Saran F, Lashford LS, Tait D, Lucraft H, Walker DA et al (2006) Analysis of patients with supratentorial primitive neuro-ectodermal tumours entered into the SIOP/UKCCSG PNET 3 study. Eur J Cancer 42:1120–1128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy SL, Tamayo P, Gaasenbeek M, Sturla LM, Angelo M, McLaughlin ME, Kim JY, Goumnerova LC, Black PM, Lau C et al (2002) Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression. Nature 415:436–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poretti A, Meoded A, Huisman TAGM (2012) Neuroimaging of pediatric posterior fossa tumors including review of the literature. J Magn Reson Imaging 35:32–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prados MD, Warnick RE, Wara WM, Larson DA, Lamborn K, Wilson CB (1995) Medulloblastoma in adults. Radiat Oncol Biol 32:1145–1152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh TJ, Weeraratne SD, Archer TC, Pomeranz Krummel DA, Auclair D, Bochicchio J, Carneiro MO, Carter SL, Cibulskis K, Erlich RL et al (2012) Medulloblastoma exome sequencing uncovers subtype-specific somatic mutations. Nature 488:106–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel C, Jenkins RB, Frederick L, Hebrink D, Alderete B, Fults DW, James CD (1997) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain PTCH mutations. Cancer Res 57:842–845

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rausch T, Jones DTW, Zapatka M, Stütz AM, Zichner T, Weischenfeldt J, Jäger N, Remke M, Shih D, Northcott PA et al (2012) Genome sequencing of pediatric medulloblastoma links catastrophic DNA rearrangements with TP53 mutations. Cell 148:59–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy AT, Janss AJ, Phillips PC, Weiss HL, Packer RJ (2000) Outcome for children with supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Cancer 88:2189–2193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RO, Lynch CF, Jones MP, Hart MN (1991) Medulloblastoma: a population-based study of 532 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:134–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson G, Parker M, Kranenburg TA, Lu C, Chen X, Ding L, Phoenix TN, Hedlund E, Wei L, Zhu X et al (2012) Novel mutations target distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma. Nature 488:43–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers L, Pattisapu J, Smith RR, Parker P (1988) Medulloblastoma in association with the Coffin-Siris syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 4:41–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rorke LB (1983) The cerebellar medulloblastoma and its relationship to primitive neuroectodermal tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42:1–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudin CM, Hann CL, Laterra J, Yauch RL, Callahan CA, Fu L, Holcomb T, Stinson J, Gould SE, Coleman B et al (2009) Treatment of medulloblastoma with hedgehog pathway inhibitor GDC-0449. N Engl J Med 361:1173–1178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russo C, Pellarin M, Tingby O, Bollen AW, Lamborn KR, Mohapatra G, Collins VP, Feuerstein BG (1999) Comparative genomic hybridization in patients with supratentorial and infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer 86:331–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, Ottensmeier H, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Graf N, Emser A, Pietsch T, Wolff JE et al (2005) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med 352:978–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheurlen WG, Schwabe GC, Joos S, Mollenhauer J, Sorensen N, Kuhl J (1998) Molecular analysis of childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors defines markers associated with poor outcome. J Clin Oncol 16:2478–2485

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schild SE, Scheithauer BW, Schomberg PJ, Hook CC, Kelly PJ, Frick L, Robinow JS, Buskirk SJ (1993) Pineal parenchymal tumors. Clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects. Cancer 72:870–880

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schild SE, Scheithauer BW, Haddock MG, Wong WW, Lyons MK, Marks LB, Norman MG, Burger PC (1996) Histologically confirmed pineal tumors and other germ cell tumors of the brain. Cancer 78:2564–2571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shuster J, Hart Z, Stimson CW, Brough AJ, Poulik MD (1966) Ataxia telangiectasia with cerebellar tumor. Pediatrics 37:776–786

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smoll NR, Drummond KJ (2012) The incidence of medulloblastomas and primitive neurectodermal tumours in adults and children. J Clin Neurosci 19:1541–1544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St Clair WH, Adams JA, Bues M, Fullerton BC, La Shell S, Kooy HM, Loeffler JS, Tarbell NJ (2004) Advantage of protons compared to conventional X-ray or IMRT in the treatment of a pediatric patient with medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58:727–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone DM, Murone M, Luoh S, Ye W, Armanini MP, Gurney A, Phillips H, Brush J, Goddard A, de Sauvage FJ et al (1999) Characterization of the human suppressor of fused, a negative regulator of the zinc-finger transcription factor Gli. J Cell Sci 112(Pt 23):4437–4448

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tait DM, Thornton-Jones H, Bloom HJ, Lemerle J, Morris-Jones P (1990) Adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: the first multi-centre control trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I). Eur J Cancer 26:464–469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarbell NJ, Friedman H, Kepner J, Barnes P, Burger P, Kun LE (2000) Outcome for children with high stage medulloblastoma: results of the pediatric oncology group 9031. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(Suppl 1):179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Gokgoz N, Andrulis IL, Mainprize TG, Drake JM, Rutka JT (2000) Familial posterior fossa brain tumors of infancy secondary to germline mutation of the hSNF5 gene. Am J Hum Genet 66:1403–1406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RE, Bailey CC, Lucraft H, Robinson K, Weston C, Gilbertson R, Lashford LS (2001) Results of a randomised study of pre-radiation chemotherapy (carboplatin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, etoposide) with radiotherapy alone in Chang stage M0/M1 medulloblastoma (SIOP/UKCCSG PNET-3) [abstract]. Med Pediatr Oncol 37:191

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Liu L, Raffel C, Hui C-C, Mainprize TG, Zhang X, Agatep R, Chiappa S, Gao L, Lowrance A et al (2002) Mutations in SUFU predispose to medulloblastoma. Nat Genet 31:306–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RE, Bailey CC, Robinson KJ, Weston CL, Walker DA, Ellison D, Ironside J, Pizer BL, Lashford LS (2005) Outcome for patients with metastatic (M2-3) medulloblastoma treated with SIOP/UKCCSG PNET-3 chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 41:727–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Remke M, Cho Y-J, Clifford SC, Eberhart CG, Parsons DW, Rutkowski S, Gajjar A et al (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol 123:465–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tekautz TM, Fuller CE, Blaney S, Fouladi M, Broniscer A, Merchant TE, Krasin M, Dalton J, Hale G, Kun LE et al (2005) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT): improved survival in children 3 years of age and older with radiation therapy and high-dose alkylator-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 23:1491–1499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PR, Deutsch M, Kepner JL, Boyett JM, Krischer J, Aronin P, Albright L, Allen JC, Packer RJ, Linggood R et al (2000) Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard-dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation. J Clin Oncol 18:3004–3011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson MC, Fuller C, Hogg TL, Dalton J, Finkelstein D, Lau CC, Chintagumpala M, Adesina A, Ashley DM, Kellie SJ et al (2006) Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 24:1924–1931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne RN, Pearson AD, Nicoll JA, Coakham HB, Oakhill A, Mott MG, Foreman NK (1994) Decline in incidence of medulloblastoma in children. Cancer 74:3240–3244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann B, Kortmann RD, Kuhl J, Meisner C, Dieckmann K, Pietsch T, Bamberg M (2002) Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors in childhood: results of the prospective German brain tumor trials HIT 88/89 and 91. J Clin Oncol 20:842–849

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasen HFA, Möslein G, Alonso A, Aretz S, Bernstein I, Bertario L, Blanco I, Bülow S, Burn J, Capella G et al (2008) Guidelines for the clinical management of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Gut 57:704–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weil MD, Lamborn K, Edwards MS, Wara WM (1998) Influence of a child’s sex on medulloblastoma outcome. JAMA 279:1474–1476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetmore C, Eberhart DE, Curran T (2000) The normal patched allele is expressed in medulloblastomas from mice with heterozygous germ-line mutation of patched. Cancer Res 60:2239–2246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetmore C, Eberhart DE, Curran T (2001) Loss of p53 but not ARF accelerates medulloblastoma in mice heterozygous for patched. Cancer Res 61:513–516

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter M, Reifenberger J, Sommer C, Ruzicka T, Reifenberger G (1997) Mutations in the human homologue of the drosophila segment polarity gene patched (PTCH) in sporadic basal cell carcinomas of the skin and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Res 57:2581–2585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie J, Johnson RL, Zhang X, Bare JW, Waldman FM, Cogen PH, Menon AG, Warren RS, Chen LC, Scott MP et al (1997) Mutations of the PATCHED gene in several types of sporadic extracutaneous tumors. Cancer Res 57:2369–2372

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yauch RL, Dijkgraaf GJP, Alicke B, Januario T, Ahn CP, Holcomb T, Pujara K, Stinson J, Callahan CA, Tang T et al (2009) Smoothened mutation confers resistance to a hedgehog pathway inhibitor in medulloblastoma. Science 326:572–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, Albright AL, Rorke LB, Milstein JM, Allen JC, Stevens KR, Stanley P, Li H et al (1999) Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children’s Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 17:832–845

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawel RH, Chiappa SA, Allen C, Raffel C (1998) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain oncogenic beta-catenin mutations. Cancer Res 58:896–899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, Suite H1031, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA

    David Raleigh MD, PhD

  2. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco & UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, 550 16th St, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0137, USA

    Corey Raffel MD, PhD

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, & Boston Children’s Hospital, 450 Brookline Ave. D1622, Boston, MA, 02215-5418, USA

    Daphne A. Haas-Kogan MD

Authors
  1. David Raleigh MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Corey Raffel MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daphne A. Haas-Kogan MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Raleigh MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. San Francisco, California, USA

    Nalin Gupta

  2. San Francisco, California, USA

    Anuradha Banerjee

  3. Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Daphne A. Haas-Kogan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raleigh, D., Raffel, C., Haas-Kogan, D.A. (2017). Embryonal Tumors. In: Gupta, N., Banerjee, A., Haas-Kogan, D. (eds) Pediatric CNS Tumors. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30789-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30789-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30787-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30789-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation