Abstract
In accordance with the distinction made by Bloom (Dev Sci 10:147–151, 2007) between two distinct cognitive systems—“one for dealing with material objects, the other for social entities” (p. 149), we propose two forms of mindfulness—non-relational and relational. Non-relational mindfulness is exemplified by Ellen Langer’s cognitive mindfulness, whereas relational mindfulness is best articulated by Chinese aesthetics. In this chapter, we invoke the physics notion of symmetry to explain relational mindfulness and also show that this framework is compatible with the Langerian formulation of mindfulness. We conclude with a study in which relational mindfulness was experimentally induced to test the hypotheses that (a) the capacity of the human mind to see its double beyond the social arena can be primed and (b) attunement with a virtual mind can reap unique mental health benefits such as tranquility and a sense of well-being associated with affiliative fantasies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Averill, J. R. (1999). Individual differences in emotional creativity: Structure and correlates. Journal of Personality, 67, 331–371.
Averill, J. R., & Sundararajan, L. (2014). Experiences of solitude: Issues of assessment, theory, and culture. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 90–110). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., & Carmody, J. et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241
Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is natural. Developmental Science, 10, 147–151.
Bolender, J. (2010). The self-organizing social mind. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Campbell, J. (1982). Grammatical man. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Crozier, W. R., & Greenhalgh, P. (1992). The empathy principle: Towards a model for the psychology of art. Journal for the theory of Social Behavior, 22, 63–79.
Crum, A., & Lyddy, C. (2014). De-stressing stress: The power of mindsets and the art of stressing mindfully. In A. Ie, C. T. Ngnoumen, & E. J. Langer (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of mindfulness (pp. 948–963). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Minding one’s emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotion, 10, 25–33.
Fatemi, S. M. (2014). Exemplifying a shift of paradigm: Exploring the psychology of possibility and embracing the instability of knowing. In A. Ie, C. T. Ngnoumen, & E. J. Langer (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of mindfulness (pp. 115–138). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Freeman, W. J. (2000). How brains make up their minds. New York: Columbia University Press.
Goldberg, S. J. (1998). Figures of identity/Topoi and the gendered subject in Chinese art. In R. T. Ames, T. P. Kasulis, & W. Dissanayake (Eds.), Self as image in Asian theory and practice (pp. 33–58). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Hart, R., Ivtzan, I., & Hart, D. (2013). Mind the gap in mindfulness research: A comparative account of the leading schools of thought. Review of General Psychology, 17, 453–466.
Horan, R. (2009). The neuropsychological connection between creativity and meditation. Creativity Research Journal, 2, 199–222.
Hsu, F. K. (1966). The spirit of Chinese art (in Chinese). Taipei: Xue Sheng.
Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Langer, E. J. (1997). The power of mindful learning. Cambridge: De Capo Press.
Langer, E. J. (2000). Mindful learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 220–223.
Langer, E. J. (2004). Langer mindfulness scale user guide and technical manual. Worthington, OH: IDS Publishing.
Langer, E. J. (2005). On becoming an artist: Reinventing yourself through mindful creativity. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Langer, E. J. (2009). Counterclockwise: Mindful health and the power of possibility. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Langer, E. J., & Imber, L. (1979). When practice makes imperfect: The debilitating effects of overlearning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2014–2025.
Legge, J. (1959). The writings of Chuang-Tzu. In J. Legge, Trans., The texts of Taoism (pp. 175–672). New York: The Julian Press.
Liu, W. C., & Lo, I. Y. (Eds.). (1975). Sunflower splendor/three thousand years of Chinese poetry. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
Long, C. R., Seburn, M., Averill, J. R., & More, T. A. (2003). Solitude experiences: Varieties, settings, and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 578–583.
Looser, C. E., & Wheatley, T. (2010). The tipping point of animacy: How, when, and where we perceive life in a face. Psychological Science, 21, 1854–1862.
Mandler, J. M. (2004). The foundations of mind: Origins of conceptual thought. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1999). Persons and representations: Why infant imitation is important for theories of human development. In J. Nadel & G. Butterworth (Eds.), Imitation in infancy (pp. 9–35). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Bagge, C. L., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2013). Body regard as a moderator of the relation between emotion dysregulation and nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 479–493. doi:10.1111/sltb.12032.
Munakata, K. (1983). Concepts of lei and kan-lei in early Chinese art theory. In S. Bush & C. Murck (Eds.), Theories of the arts in China (pp. 105–131). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Noë, A. (2009). Out of our heads. New York: Hill and Wang.
Powers, K. E., Worsham, A. L., Freeman, J. B., Wheatley, T., & Heatherton, T. F. (2014). Social connection modulates perceptions of animacy. Psychological Science, 25, 1943–1948.
Rowley, G. (1974). Principles of Chinese painting. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain. New York: W. W. Norton
Sundararajan, L. (2009). The painted dragon in emotion theories: Can the Chinese notion of ganlei add a tranformative detail? Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 29, 114–121.
Sundararajan, L. (2015). Understanding emotion in Chinese culture: Thinking through psychology. New York, NY: Springer SBM.
Sundararajan, L. & Fatemi, S. M. (2015). Creativity and symmetry restoration: Toward a cognitive account of mindfulness. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology. Publish online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/teo0000027
Sundararajan, L., & Raina, M. K. (2015). Revolutionary creativity, east and west: A critique from indigenous psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 35, 3–19.
Wang, Y. (2006). Culture and solitude: Meaning and significance of being alone. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Waytz, A., Epley, N., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Social cognition unbound: Insights into anthropomorphism and dehumanization. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 58–62.
Winnicott, D. (1958). The capacity to be alone. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 416–420.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sundararajan, L., Fatemi, S.M. (2016). Priming the Mind to See Its Double: Mindfulness in a New Key. In: Fatemi, S. (eds) Critical Mindfulness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30782-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30782-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30781-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30782-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)