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Interpretation of the Effects of Microwaves

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Book cover Milestones in Microwave Chemistry

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science ((GREENCHEMIST))

Abstract

During the past three decades of microwave (MW) assisted organic chemistry, the initial observations of unexpected reaction behavior obtained in MW reactors grew to a general understanding of MW effects. This chapter aims to present the currently accepted theories of MW rate enhancements, and a few of the main steps leading to today’s understanding of these phenomena. Modern experimental techniques in MW chemistry revealed the fundamental role of temperature in interpreting the outcome of MW heated experiments. However, temperature can be realized on different spatial scales, which will be used as the basis of our classification. This way, the phenomena associated with MW heating are differentiated between macroscopic and microscopic effects, both of which will be discussed in detail.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Commonly used materials for this purpose are WeflonTM or Carboflon® (graphite loaded forms of Teflon®) and silicon carbide (SiC).

  2. 2.

    This is achieved by the feedback control of the applied MW power, based on the signal of the applied temperature probe.

  3. 3.

    The achievable temperature is limited by the volatility (vapor pressure at the target temperature) of the solvent and the pressure rating of the MW instrument. The pressure control mechanism is also critical to the maximal pressure value.

  4. 4.

    Wall effects are often harmful in conventional heating, e.g., leading to decomposition of products, catalyst deactivation.

  5. 5.

    This is achieved by using a reflux condenser, similarly to the practice used in conventional heating.

  6. 6.

    The bulky anion was chosen for solubility reasons.

  7. 7.

    Deuterated solvent was used for convenient NMR conversion determination.

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    Péter Bana

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    István Greiner

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    György Keglevich

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Bana, P., Greiner, I. (2016). Interpretation of the Effects of Microwaves. In: Keglevich, G. (eds) Milestones in Microwave Chemistry. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30632-2_4

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