Abstract
How Anglo–Chinese hostilities grew from 1834 – the end of the East India Company’s monopoly on Britain’s Canton trade – to the First Opium War of 1839–1842. Even after that, London grew increasingly impatient with Chinese obstruction at Canton and failure to treat Britain as a diplomatic equal. By 1857 Britain and France turned their attention more fully to the Far East and to minor hostilities at Canton.
There is a separate note on the importance of linguistic misunderstandings between the two sides.
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Gelber, H. (2016). Prologue. In: Battle for Beijing, 1858–1860. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30584-4_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30584-4_1
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Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30584-4
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