Abstract
Yoga and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis (Y-MBCTp©) is a newer evidence-based translational mindfulness therapy designed by Pradhan for stress management and various psychiatric disorders. Drs Pradhan and Pinninti have adapted it as a brief therapy for psychotic disorders and it can be used in an extended therapy format as well. Y-MBCT p © is a self-exploratory, client-centered translational therapy that combines together the pragmatism and methodology of brief CBT with the scriptural philosophies and techniques described in Patanjali’s Eight-limbed Yoga and Buddha’s mindfulness meditation. In this therapy, using five factor model of mind as the theoretical base, the therapist and client practice together the wellness model for stress reduction first, which is followed by individualized use of the illness model for amelioration of symptoms. Y-MBCT p © comes under the third wave of therapies and can be distinguished from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or other mindfulness based treatment approaches in the extensive emphasis it puts on implementation of the philosophy, technique and practice of the scriptural traditions of Yoga and meditation. It also incorporates cognitive behavioral tools and scientific strategies based on new learning/memory mechanisms in psychosis as described later. In this chapter, we present a conceptual overview and pilot data on efficacy of Y-MBCT p © as a brief therapy model for clients with psychosis and also in its various sections, we discuss its cultural adaptability, replicability and training implications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
American Psychiatric Association’s Work group on Schizophrenia (2004) Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161(29(suppl)):26–27
Balaratnasingam S, Janca A (2015) Normal personality, personality disorder and psychosis: current views and future perspectives. Curr Opin Psychiatry 28(1):30–34. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000124
Balasubramaniam M, Telles S, Doraiswamy PM (2013) Yoga on our minds: a systematic review of yoga for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 3:117. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00117
Beck AT, Rush AJ, Emery G (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression, 1st edn. The Guilford Press, New York
Beck A, Rector N, Stolar N, Grant P (2009) Schizophrenia: cognitive theory, research, and therapy. Guilford Press, New York
Bond FW, Dryden W (2005) Handbook of brief cognitive behaviour therapy. John Wiley & Sons.
Bridge JA, Barbe RP (2004) Reducing hospital readmission in depression and schizophrenia: current evidence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 17(6):505–511.
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL (2005) Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: clinical applications and guidelines. J Altern Complement Med 11(4):711–717
Cacioppo JT, Patrick W (2008) Loneliness: human nature and the need for social connection. W. W. Norton & Company, New York
Cehnicki A, Cichocki L, Kalisz A, Bladzinski P, Adamczyk P, Franczyk-Gilta J (2014) Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and the course of schizophrenia in a 20-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 219(3):420–425
Conley RR, Buchanan RW (1997) Evaluation of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 23:663–674
Coursey RD, Keller AB, Farrell EW (1995) Individual psychotherapy and persons with serious mental illness: the client’s perspective. Schizophr Bull 21:283–301
Dalai Lama (2009) The middle way: faith grounded in reason. (T. Jinpa, Trans.). Wisdom Publications, Boston
Demjaha A, Valmaggia L, Stahl D, Byrne M, McGuire P (2012) Disorganization/cognitive and negative symptom dimensions in the at-risk mental state predict subsequent transition to psychosis. Schizophr Bull 38:351–359
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: fifth edition (DSM-5 2013). American Psychiatric Association
Eliade M (1969) Yoga: for immortality and freedom, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Felder JN, Dimidjian S, Segal Z (2012) Collaboration in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Clin Psychol 68(2):179–186
Frawley D (1999) Yoga and Ayurveda: self-healing and self-realization. Lotus Press, Wisconsin
Gangadhar BN, Varambally S (2012) Yoga therapy for schizophrenia. Int J Yoga 5(2):85–91. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.98212
Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington PE (2001) A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychol Med 31(02):189–195, http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701003312
Goeree R, Farahati F, Burke N, Blackhouse G, O’Reilly D, Pyne J, Tarride JE (2005) The economic burden of schizophrenia in Canada in 2004. Curr Med Res Opin 21:2017–2028
Goh C, Agius M (2010) The stress-vulnerability model how does stress impact on mental illness at the level of the brain and what are the consequences? Psychiatr Danub 22(2):198–202
Habib N, Dawood S, Kingdon D, Naeem F (2014) Preliminary evaluation of Culturally Adapted CBT for Psychosis (CA-CBTp): findings from developing culturally-sensitive CBT project (DCCP). Behav Cogn Psychother FirstView 1–9. 43(2):200–208. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000829
Haddock G, Slade PD (1996) Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. Psychology Press: London.
Haddock G, McCarron J, Tarrier N, Faragher EB (1999) Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS). Psychol Med 29:879–889
Harvey PD, Green M, Keefe RS, Velligan DI (2004) Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a consensus statement on its role in the definition and evaluation of effective treatments for the illness. J Clin Psychiatry 65(3):361–372
Harvey A, Watkins E, Mansell W, Shafran R (2005) Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: a transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment. Oxford University Press, New York
Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG (1999) Acceptance and commitment therapy: an experiential approach to behavior change. The Guilford Press, New York
Insel TR (2009) Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: a strategic plan for research on mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(2):128–133
Ivleva EI, Shohamy D, Mihalakos P, Morris DW, Carmody T, Tamminga CA (2012) Memory generalization is selectively altered in the psychosis dimension. Schizophr Res 138:74–80
Iyengar BKS (2001) Yoga – the path to holistic health. Dorling Kindersley, London
Kabat-Zinn J (1990) Full catastrophe living. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.
Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, Peterson LG, Fletcher KE, Pbert L, Lenderking WR (1992) Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 149:936–943
Kahl KG, Winter L, Schweiger U (2012) The of cognitive behavioral therapies. Curr Opin Psychiatry 25(6):522–528
Kane JM (2004) Long-term treatment of schizophrenia: moving from a relapse-prevention model to a recovery model. J Clin Psychiatry 64(11):1384–1385
Kimhy D et al (2013) Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis—training practices and dissemination in the United States. Psychosis: Psychol Soc Integr Approaches 5(3):296–305
Kingdon DG, Turkington D (2005) Explanations of schizophrenia. In: Kingdon DG, Turkington D (eds) Cognitive-behavioral therapy of schizophrenia. Guilford Press, New York
Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT Jr, Marder SR (2006) The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull 32:214–219
Koutsouleris N, Davatzikos C, Bottlender R et al (2012) Early recognition and disease prediction in the at-risk mental states for psychosis using neuro-cognitive pattern classification. Schizophr Bull 38:1200–1215
Kristeller J (2004) Meditation: an integrated model across six domains of function. In: Blows et al (eds) The relevance of the wisdom traditions in contemporary society: the challenge to psychology. Eburon Publishers, Delft
Lang AJ, Strauss JL, Bomyea J, Bormann JE, Hickman SD, Good RC, Essex M (2012) The theoretical and empirical basis for meditation as an intervention for PTSD. Behav Modif 36(6):759–786. doi:10.1177/0145445512441200
Linehan MM (1993) Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press, New York
Linscott RJ, J. van Os (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine 43(6):1133–1149.
Liu X, Ramirez S, Pang PT, Puryear CB, Govindarajan A, Deisseroth K (2012) Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall. Nature 484:381–385
Luborsky L (1962) Clinician’s judgements of mental health. A proposed scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 7:35–45
Ludwig DS, Kabat-Zinn J (2008) Mindfulness in medicine. JAMA 300:1350–1352
Morrison AP (2001) The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: an integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions. Behav Cogn Psychother 29(03):257–276, http://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465801003010
Naeem F, Habib N, Gul M, Khalid M, Saeed S, Farooq S, Kingdon D (2014a) A qualitative study to explore patients’, carers’ and health professionals’ views to culturally adapt CBT for psychosis (CBTp) in Pakistan. Behav Cogn Psychother 1–13, http://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465814000332
Naeem F, Farooq S, Kingdon D (2014b) Cognitive behavioral therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD010646
Nicholl D, Akhras KS, Diels J, Schadrack J (2010) Burden of schizophrenia in recently diagnosed patients: healthcare utilization and cost perspective. Curr Med Res Opin 26:943–955
Nyanamoli B (1975) The path of purification (Visuddhimagga). Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy
Nyanaponika T (1954) The heart of Buddhist meditation. Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy
Pally R (1997) How the brain actively constructs perceptions. Int J Psychoanal 78:1021–1030
Pally R (2005) Non-conscious prediction and a role for consciousness in correcting prediction errors. Cortex 41:643–662
Pinninti NR, Stolar N, Temple S (2005) 5-minute first aid for psychosis. Defuse crises; help patients solve problems with brief cognitive therapy. Curr Psychiatry 4(1):36–48
Pradhan BK (2014) Yoga and mindfulness based cognitive therapy: a clinical guide. Springer International Publishers, Switzerland
Pradhan BK, Pinninti N (2014a) Yoga & meditation: a standardized program for stress reduction in case managers for individuals with psychosis. Workshop presented in the annual conference of the National Association of Case Managers, Philadelphia
Pradhan BK, Pinninti N (2014b, ongoing work, unpublished) Workshop on Yoga and mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychosis (Y-MBCTp) and its applicability in training the case managers of the Camden County PACT Team for delivering this therapy to individuals with psychosis
Pradhan BK, Sharma A (2015) The time has come for integrating complementary medicine into psychiatry. Adolesc Psychiatry (Spec Issue Complement Alternat Med) 5(2. Editorial (Thematic Issue)):71–72. doi:10.2174/221067660502150430154342
Pradhan BK, Pumariega AJ, Barnes A (2014) Successful use of mindfulness based graded exposure therapy (MB-GET) in adolescents with PTSD: a case series. Presented in the 21st world congress of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP), Durban
Pradhan BK, Gray RM, Parikh T, Akkireddi P, Pumariega A (2015a) Trauma interventions using mindfulness based extinction and reconsolidation (TIMBER©) as monotherapy for chronic PTSD in adolescents: a pilot study. Adolesc Psychiatry 5(2. special issue on Complementary and Alternative Medicine):125–131. doi:10.2174/221067660502150430155038
Pradhan BK, D’Amico JK, Makani R, Parikh T (2015b) Nonconventional interventions for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): ketamine, repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and alternative approaches. J Trauma Dissociation. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1046101
Pradhan B (2015c) Chapter-24, p. 373–381: Depression specific Yoga and mindfulness based cognitive therapy (DepS Y-MBCT) model: description, data on efficacy and differences from contemporary models. In: Greenblatt J, Brogan K (eds) Integrative psychiatry for depression: redefining models for assessment, treatment, and prevention of mood disorders. Taylor & Francis Group, FL: USA
Prasad K, Wahner-Roedler DL, Cha SS, Sood A (2011) Effect of a single-session meditation training to reduce stress and improve quality of life among health care professionals: a dose-ranging feasibility study. Altern Ther Health Med 17(3):46–49
Pridmore S, Dale J (2009) Disease mongering: the overlooked legs. Internal Medicine Journal, 39(5):343–344
Ragins M (2012) Recovery: changing from a medial model to a psychosocial rehabilitation model. A program of mental health America of Los Angeles, MHA Village, http://mhavillage.squarespace.com/storage/06RecoverySevereMI.pdf. Accessed 04/2014
Rector N, Beck A (2002) CBT for schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 47(1):39–48
Rudd MD (2012) Brief cognitive behavioral therapy for military populations. J Mil Psychol 24:1–12
Santina PD (1997) The tree of enlightenment: An introduction to the major traditions of Buddhism. Chico, CA: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.
Satchidananda S (1978) The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: translations and commentary. Integral Yoga Publications, Yogaville
Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Meyer SM et al (2007) Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 62:179–186
Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD (2002) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press, New York
Seidman LJ, Giuliano AJ, Meyer EC et al (2010) Neuropsychology of the prodrome to psychosis in the NAPLS consortium: relationship to family history and conversion to psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:578–588
Tait L, Birchwood M, Trower P (2004) Adapting to the challenge of psychosis: personal resilience and the use of sealing-over (avoidant) coping strategies. Br J Psychiatry 185(5):410–415
Tamminga CA, Stan AD, Wagner AD (2010) The hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 167:1178–1193
Thirthalli J et al (2012) Prospective study of duration of untreated psychosis and outcome of never-treated patients with schizophrenia in India. Indian J Psychiatry 53(4):319–323
Vancampfort D, Vansteelandt K, Scheewe T, Probst M, Knapen J, De Herdt A, De Hert M (2012) Yoga in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand 126(1):1–9
Varambally S, Gangadhar BN, Thirthalli J, Jagannathan A, Kumar S, Venkatasubramanian G et al (2012) Therapeutic efficacy of add-on yogasana intervention in stabilized outpatient schizophrenia: randomized controlled comparison with exercise and waitlist. Indian J Psychiatry 54(3):227–232
Wang PS, Demler O, Kessler RC (2002) Adequacy of treatment for serious mental illness in the United States. Am J Public Health 92(1):92–98
World Health Organization Australia 2009 [website], Mental health strengthening our response, Fact sheet 220, viewed 1 February 2011; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/
Wykes T, Steel C, Everitt B, Tarrier N (2008) Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor. Schizophr Bull 34(3):523–537, http://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm114
Zubin J, Spring B (1977) Vulnerability; a new view of Schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 86:103–126
Zylowska L, Ackerman DL, Yang MH, Futrell JL, Horton NL, Hale TS, Pataki C, Smalley SL (2008) Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD: a feasibility study. J Atten Disord 11(6):737–746
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge and deeply appreciate the support of our clients, the clinicians, and the staff of the Psychiatry Outpatient Department at the Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, and at the Camden County ACT Team that helped us to apply the Y-MBCT p model to these clients with trauma and severe psychosis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional information
Contribution of Each Co-author to This Manuscript
Development of the Y-MBCT p model, done by Dr. Pradhan, and conduct of Y-MBCT p sessions at the two sites and manuscript preparation, collaboratively done by Drs. Pradhan and Pinninti.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pradhan, B., Pinninti, N.R. (2016). Yoga and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis (Y-MBCT p ©): A Pilot Study on Its Efficacy as Brief Therapy. In: Pradhan, B., Pinninti, N., Rathod, S. (eds) Brief Interventions for Psychosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30521-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30521-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30519-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30521-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)