Abstract
In this chapter the authors distinguish literature that diligently distinguishes between the psychotic experiences - normal versus pathological. They provide compelling information from many different sources that make the readers rethink and possibly challenge the long held (mis-)conception that psychotic symptoms as are always pathological and/or dangerous. Adapting from the concepts of evidenced-based integrated pathways that have been used successfully in stroke and cardiovascular illnesses, these authors make a case for integrated path-ways of care for psychosis which provides a standardized framework for good clinical practice that include but are not limited to reducing the wide variations and heterogeneity in care, providing timely access to interventions, and paving the way for achieving improved outcomes for individuals suffering from psychosis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Addington J, Heinssen RK, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Brunette MF, Correll CU, Estroff S, Mueser KT, Penn D, Robinson JA, Rosenheck RA, Azrin ST, Goldstein AB, Severe J, Kane JM (2015) Duration of untreated psychosis in community treatment settings in the United States. Psychiatr Serv 66(7):753–756, PMID:25588418, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25588418
Anderson K, Fuhrer R, Malla K (2010) The pathways to mental health care of first-episode psychosis patients: a systematic review. Psychol Med 40:1585–1597
Athanasopoulou C et al (2015) Attitudes towards schizophrenia on YouTube: a content analysis of Finnish and Greek videos. Inform Health Soc Care 1–18. DOI: 10.3109/17538157.2015.1008485
Balaratnasingam S, Janca A (2015) Normal personality, personality disorder and psychosis: current views and future perspectives. Curr Opin Psychiatry 28(1):30–34. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000124
Birchwood, Todd P, Jackson C (1998) Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry 172(suppl 33):53–59
Birchwood M, Connor C, Lester H et al (2013) Reducing DUP in first-episode psychosis: care pathways to early intervention in psychosis teams. Br J Psychiatry 202:1–7
Brown S, Kim M, Mitchell C, Inskip H (2010) Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 196(2):116–121. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512
Buckley LA, Pettit TA, Adams CE (2007) Supportive therapy for schizophrenia. The Cochrane Library Syst Rev. 18(3):CD004716.
Campbell et al (1998) Integrated care pathways. Br Med J 316:133, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.133 (Published 10 January 1998)
Castelein S, Bruggeman R, van Busschbach JT, van der Gaag M, Stant AD, Knegtering H, Wiersma D (2008) The effectiveness of peer support groups in psychosis: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 118:64–72
Clement S, Foster N (2008) Newspaper reporting on schizophrenia: a content analysis of five national newspapers at two time points. Schizophr Res 98(1–3):178–183
Cole JC et al (2015) Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of schizophrenia: a review of the literature to date. Innov Clin Neurosci 12(7–8):12–19
Connor C, Greenfield S, Lester H, et al (2014) Seeking help for first-episode psychosis: a family narrative. Early Interv Psychiatry. doi: 10.1111/eip.12177
Davidson L, Chinman M, Kloos B, Weingarten R, Stayner D, Tebes JK (1999) Peer support among individuals with severe mental illness: a review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 6(2):165–187
Davidson L, Bellamy C, Guy K, Miller R (2012) Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience. World Psychiatry 11(2):123–128
Dixon B, Dickerson F, Bellack S, Bennett M, Dickinson D, Goldberg W, Lehman A, Tenhula N, Calmes C, Pasillas M, Peer J, Kreyenbuhl J, Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) (2009). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull 36(1):48–70. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp115
Drake R, Haley C, Akhtar S, Lewis S (2000) Causes and consequences of duration of untreated psychosis in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 177(6):511–515. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.511
Epstein, M. (1990). Beyond the Oceanic Feeling: Psychoanalytic Study of Buddhist Meditation. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 17, 159–165.
Firn M, Hindhaugh K, Hubbeling D, Davies G, Jones B, White J (2013) A dismantling study of assertive outreach services: comparing activity and outcomes following replacement with the FACT model. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48(6):997–1003. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0602-x
Gellatly J, Bower P, Hennessy S, Richards D, Gilbody S, Lovell K (2007) What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychol Med 37:1217–1228
Gledhill A, Lobban F, Sellwood W (1998) Group CBT for people with schizophrenia: a preliminary evaluation. Behav Cogn Psychother 26:63–76
Johns LC, van Os J (2001) The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin Psychol Rev 21(8):1125–1141
Johnson, S. (2013). Crisis resolution and home treatment teams: An evolving model. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 19(2):115–123.
Knapp M, Andrew A, McDaid D et al (2014) Investing in recovery. Rethink, London
Killackey E, Jackson HJ, McGorry PD (2008) Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: individual placement and support v. treatment as usual. Br J Psychiatry 193(2):114–120
Kumari V, et al (2011) Neural changes following cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis: a longitudinal study. Brain. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr1542396-2407
Leff J, Williams G, Huckvale A et al (2013) Avatar therapy for persecutory auditory hallucinations: what is it and how does it work? Psychosis. Published online 4 March 2013
Lester E, Birchwood M, Freemantle N, Michail M, Tait L (2009a) REDIRECT: cluster randomised controlled trial of GP training in first-episode psychosis. Br J Gen Pract 59:183–190
Lester H, Birchwood M, Bryan S, England E, Rogers H, Sirvastava N (2009b) Development and implementation of early intervention services for young people with psychosis: case study. Br J Psychiatry 194:446–450
Linscott RJ, van Os J (2013) An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychol Med 43(6):1133–1149
Logan E, King A (2001) Parental facilitation of adolescent mental health service utilization: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 8:319–340
Lloyd-Evans B, Crosby M, Stockton S, Pilling S, Hobbs L, Hinton M et al (2011) Initiatives to shorten duration of untreated psychosis: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 198:256–263
Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T (2005) Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients. A systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:975–983
Marshall M, Husain N, Bork N, Chaudhry IB, Lester H, Everard L et al (2014) Impact of early intervention services on duration of untreated psychosis: data from the National EDEN prospective cohort study. Schizophr Res 159(1):1–6
McGorry PD, Edwards J, Mihalopoulos C et al (1996) EPPIC: an evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophr Bull 22:305–326
McGlashan H (1999) Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: marker or determinant of course? Biol Psychiatry 46:899–907
Mead N, Lester H, Chew-Graham C, Gask L, Bower P (2010) Effects of befriending on depressive symptoms and distress: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 196(2):96–101
Melle I, Johannesen O, Friis S, Haahr U, Joa I, Larsen K et al (2006) Early detection of the first episode of schizophrenia and suicidal behaviour. Am J Psych 163:800–804. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.5.800
Mental Health Bulletin (2009) Third report from Mental Health Minimum Dataset (MHMDS) annual returns, 2004–2009. The NHS Information Centre, Mental Health and Community Care Team, London
Morrison AP et al (2014) Cognitive therapy for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders not taking antipsychotic drugs: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 383(9926):1395–1403
Mueser KT, Deavers F, Penn DL, Cassisi JE (2013) Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9:465–497. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185620
Mueser K, Penn L, Addington J, Brunette F et al (2015) The NAVIGATE program for first-episode psychosis: rationale, overview, and description of psychosocial components. Psychiatr Serv 66(7):680–690. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400413
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2014) Service user experience in adult mental health: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS mental health services (Clinical guideline 136)
NHS England (2015) Guidance to support the introduction of access and waiting time standards for mental health services. NHS E, London.
Norman M, Malla K (2001) Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med 31:381–400
Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL, Turner LR, Ventura J, Becker DR, Drake RE (2008) Individual placement and support for individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia: integrating supported education and supported employment. Psychiatr Rehabil J 31(4):340–349
Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL, Ventura J, Turner LR, Gitlin MJ, Gretchen-Doorly D, Becker DR, Drake RE, Wallace CJ, Liberman RP (2013) Successful return to work or school after a first episode of schizophrenia: the UCLA RCT of individual placement and support and workplace fundamentals module training. Manuscript submitted for publication
Fusar-Poli P et al (2015) Heterogeneity of psychosis risk within individuals at clinical high risk. A meta-analytical stratification. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2324, Published online December 30, 2015
Pharoah et al (2010) Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD000088
Platz C, Umbricht S, Cattapan-Ludewig K, Dvorsky D, Arbach D, Brenner D et al (2006) Help-seeking pathways in early psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:967–974
Rathod S, Lloyd A, Asher C et al (2014) Lessons from an evaluation of major change in adult mental health services: effects on quality. J Ment Health 23(5):271–275
Rathod S, Kingdon D, Pinninti N, Turkington D, Phiri P (2015a) Cultural adaptation of CBT for serious mental illness: a guide for training and practice. Wiley – Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK.
Rathod S, Griffiths A, Kingdon D, Tiplady B, Jones T (2015b) Pathways to recovery: a case for adoption of systematic pathways in psychosis. Jointly produced by Imperial College Health Partners and Wessex Academic Health Science Network; Supported by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and Rethink Mental Illness, London.
Rathod S, Psychosis Pathway Steering Group (2015) TRIumPH: psychosis care pathway and narrative. Wessex Academic Health Sciences Network, Southampton, Wessex.
Rethink Mental Illness (2014) Lost generation: protecting early intervention in psychosis services. London
Razzaque R, Wood L (2015) Open dialogue and its relevance to the NHS: opinions of NHS staff and service users. Community Ment Health J 51(8):931-8. doi: 10.1007/s10597-015-9849-5.
Rinaldi M, Montibeller T, Perkins R (2011) Increasing the employment rate for people with longer-term mental health problems. Psychiatrist 35:339–343
Rolland, R. (1929). The Life of Ramakrishna. Calcutta, India: Vedanta Press.
Rössler W, Salize HJ, Van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A (2005) Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsy 15:399–409
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2012) Report of the National Audit of Schizophrenia (NAS) 2012. Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, London
Schmidt, L. T., et al. (2013). Assertive Community Treatment teams. Modern community mental health: An interdisciplinary approach. K. R. Yeager, D. L. Cutler, D. Svendsen and G. M. Sills. New York, NY, US, Oxford University Press: 293–303
Seikkula, J. (2002). Open dialogues with good and poor outcomes for psychotic crises: examples from families with violence. J Marital Fam Ther 28(3):263–274
Seikkula J et al (2011) The comprehensive open-dialogue approach in Western Lapland: II. Long-term stability of acute psychosis outcomes in advanced community care. Psychosis: Psychol Soc Integr Approaches 3(3):192–204
Samarasekera N, Kingdon D, Siddle R, O’Carroll M, Scott JL, Sensky T, Barnes TR, Turkington D (2007) Befriending patients with medication‐resistant schizophrenia: can psychotic symptoms predict treatment response? Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract 80(1):97–106
Schizophrenia Commission (2012) The abandoned illness: a report from the Schizophrenia Commission. Rethink Mental Illness, London.
Thomas N et al (2014) Psychological therapies for auditory hallucinations (voices): current status and key directions for future research. Schizophr Bull 40(Suppl 4):S202–S212
Trachtenberg M, Parsonage M, Shepherd G, Boardman J (2013) Peer support in mental health care: is it good value for money? The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, London
Turner D, Gaag M, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P (2014) Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081159
Van Veldhuizen R (2007) FACT: a Dutch version of ACT. Community Ment Health J 43(4):421–433
Vissers J, Beech R (2005) Health operations management: patient flow statistics in health care. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group Publishers, New York, p 3
Walker H, Tulloch L, Ramm M, Drysdale E, Steel A, Martin C, MacPherson G, Connaughton J (2013) A randomised controlled trial to explore insight into psychosis; effects of a psycho-education programme on insight in a forensic population. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol 24(6):756–771
Wilber, K., Engler, J. & Brown, D.P. (1986). Transformations of Consciousness: Conventional and Contemplative Perspectives on Development. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
World Health Organization (2001) The World Health report 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. WHO, Geneva
Wharne S (2013) Whatever happened to Assertive outreach? http://www.hsj.co.uk/comment/whatever-happened-to-assertive-outreach/5064403.article
Wheeler C, Lloyd-Evans B, Churchard A, Fitzgerald C, Fullarton K, Mosse L et al (2015) Implementation of the crisis resolution team model in adult mental health settings: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 15:74
Wykes T, Parr AM, Landau S (1999) Group treatment of auditory hallucinations. Exploratory study of effectiveness. Br J Psychiatry 175:180–185
Wykes T, Steel C, Everitt B, Tarrier N (2008) Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor. Schizophr Bull 34(3):523–537
Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, McGurk SR, Czobor P (2011) A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry 168(5):472–485
Xia J, Merinder B, Belgamwar R (2011) Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 15(6):CD002831
Acknowledgments
Dr. Rathod (SR) would like to acknowledge the support of all patients, carers, clinicians, and partners from other agencies who have supported and contributed to the development of TRIumPH (Treatment and Recovery In PsycHosis) through coproduction workshops and engagement events. SR’s organization received support from the Wessex Academic Health Sciences Network and grants from NHS England (Regional Innovation Fund) and the Royal College of Psychiatrists General Adult Faculty for this work.
Psychosis Pathway Steering Group: Alison Griffiths, Carolyn Asher, Chris Woodfine, Christie Garner, Claire Morrish, David Butler, David Kingdon, Dawn Pease, Deborah Tee, Jason Hope, Jeremy Rowland, Katherine Newman-Taylor, Lars Hansen, Michael James, Nicola Abba, Paul Tabraham, Pippa North, Kerry Elliott and Rob Kurn.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rathod, S., Pinninti, N. (2016). Integrated Pathways of Care for Psychosis: An Overview. In: Pradhan, B., Pinninti, N., Rathod, S. (eds) Brief Interventions for Psychosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30521-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30521-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30519-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30521-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)