Abstract
The development and incorporation of energy storage into large electricity networks, micro-grids, and partially or fully islanded energy supplies have numerous applications as the sustainable energy generation uptake increases. The vagaries of sustainable energy supplies are driving the energy storage in two distinct directions. Firstly, there will be large scale energy storage such as pumped land or sea-based hydro-energy that can absorb excess renewable energy for the later discharge when there is a deficit in dispatchable energy available. As an alternative to large industrial scale units, there is a potential to develop smaller but numerous distributed smaller energy storage systems that are based on inertial or electro-chemical battery storage. These developments present huge opportunities to change the way sustainable energy uptake continues. Integrated energy storage into electrical supply networks has the ability to alter the way national, regional tied trade blocks and global energy linkage will occur in the future.
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Notes
- 1.
Note Flow batteries such as the zinc-bromide type are also potential technology solutions, but currently most require renewal of active cell exchange surface membrane at specified periods as detailed by ZBB Energy Corp (2011). Their online/offline availability criterion therefore has a crucial difference from the ESS technologies listed above. Similarly IEA-ETSAP and Irena (2012) also report on other energy storages such as compressed air energy storage (CAES), vanadium redox flow cell, super-conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and the NaS battery. However CAES has not achieved sufficient turn-around efficiency to challenge the other technologies discussed, and has limited opportunities for suitable storage sites that do not have or develop gas leakage. The vanadium redox battery pilot plants such as trialed for example by the Tasmanian Hydro KIREX Project (2003) have not been found to be robust in operation. SMES system superconducting materials remain expensive as does the coolant and protection systems; and the NaS battery requires high temperature operation of above 300 °C. Their potential future integration in significant numbers into the global power and generation industry depend on more theoretical research to pilot plant development, and are therefore not discussed here as applied research.
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Helwig, A. (2016). Applied Research in Energy Storage. In: Jayaweera, D. (eds) Smart Power Systems and Renewable Energy System Integration. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol 57. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30427-4_10
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