Abstract
This chapter may seem somewhat unusual to those readers more accustomed to other discussions of archaeometallurgy. Typical of those researches, one often finds the focus on the metal artifact foremost with ancillary areas such as manufacturing, utilization, and provenance archaeological/geochemical) examined at various levels of detail. These emphases are important and well placed particularly from the standpoint of the materials science, but it is the aim of this chapter to characterize archaeological metals, minerals, and ores from a geological perspective. By this, we mean to discuss the geology of ancient metallurgy without any special emphasis on the end product, e.g., the metal artifact.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson TJ (2003) Des artisans à la campagne: carrière de meules, forge et voie gallo-romaines à Châbles (FR), vol 19. Saint-Paul
Astrup EE, Martens I (2011) Studies of Viking age swords: metallography and archaeology. Gladius XXXI:203–206
Bateman AM (1950) Economic mineral deposits, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Blyth PH (1977) The effectiveness of Greek armour against arrows in the Persian war (490–479 BC): an interdisciplinary enquiry. Doctoral dissertation. University of Reading
Bourgarit D (2007) Chalcolithic copper smelting. In: La Niece S, Hook D, Craddock PT (eds) Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype Publications, London, pp 3–14
Braidwood RJ, Çambel H, Schirmer W (1981) Beginnings of village-farming communities in Southeastern Turkey: Çayönü Tepesi, 1978 and 1979. J Field Archaeol 8(1):249–258
Brongniart A (1813) Essai de classification minéralogique des roches mélangées. J Min XXXIV:190–199
Bronson B (1986) The making and selling of wootz, a crucible steel of India. Archeomaterials 1(1):13–51
Carlson RL, Miller DJA (2005) Unraveling the structure and composition of the oceanic crust. Sea Technol 46(10):10–13
Childs ST (1991) Transformations: iron and copper production in Central Africa. In: Recent trends in archaeometallurgical research. Smithsonian, pp 33–46
Craddock PT (2001) From hearth to furnace: evidences for the earliest smelting technologies in the eastern Mediterranean. Paléorient 26:151–165
Dibner B (1958) Agricola on metals. Burndy Library, Norwalk
Durman A (1988) The vučedol culture. In: Durman A (ed) Vučedol -three thousand years B.C. Muzejski pros-tor, Zagreb, pp 45–48
Durman A (1997) Tin in Southeastern Europe? Opuscula Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda 21(1):7–14
Durman A (2004) Vučedolski hromi bog: zašto svi metalurški bogovi šepaju? (The lame God of Vučedol: why do all gods of metallurgy limp?). Gradski muzej Vukovar
Durman A (ed) (2007) One hundred Croatian archeological sites. (Zagreb: Leksikografski Zavod Miroslav Krleža, in collaboration with the Croatian Archaeological Society, 367 pp
Ehrenreich RM (ed) (1991) Metals in society: theory beyond analysis. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, 8(II). 92 pp
Epstein SM (1993) Cultural choice and technological consequences: constraint of innovation in the late prehistoric copper smelting industry of Cerro Huaringa, Peru. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Pennsylvania
Frame LD (2009) Technological change in southwestern Asia: metallurgical production styles and social values during the chalcolithic and early bronze age. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona
Frankel HR (2012) The continental drift controversy, vol I–IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Garrison EG (1999) A history of engineering and technology, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Gass IG (1968) Is the troodos massif of Cyprus a fragment of Mesozoic ocean floor? Nature 220:39–42
Glumac PD (1991) Recent trends in archaeometallurgical research. MASCA research papers in science and archaeology, 8(I). 92 pp
Goldschmidt VM (1912) Die kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 34(7):812–819
González LR (2004) Bronces sin nombre: La metalurgia prehispánica en el Noroeste Argentino. TusQuets
Hart CJR, Mair JL, Goldfarb RJ, Groves DI (2005) Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory. In: Ishihara S, Stephens WE, Harley SL, Arima M, Nakajima T (eds) Fifth Hutton symposium; the origin of granites and related rocks. Special Paper, 389. Geological Society of America, pp 339–356
Hauptman A (1989) The earliest periods of copper metallurgy in Feinan, Jordan. In: Hauptmann A, Pernika E, Wagner GA (eds) Proccedings of the International Symposium, Old World Archaeometallurgy. Heidelberg, 1987, Der Anschnitt, Beihaft 7. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum, pp 119–135
Hauptmann A, Weisgeberand G, Knauf EA (1985) Archäolometallugische Untersuchungen zur Kupferverhüttung der frühen Bronzezeit in Feinan, Wadi Arabah, Jordanien. Jahrb Römisches-Germanisches Zentralmuseums 35:510–516
Henderson J (2000) The science and archaeology of materials. Routledge, London
Herz N, Garrison EG (1998) Geological methods for archaeology. Oxford University Press, New York
Hoover H (1912) De re Metallica. The Mining Magazine, London
Hošek J, Košta J, Bárta P (2012) The metallographic examination of sword no. 438 as part of a systematic survey of swords from the early medieval stronghold of Mikulčice, Czech Republic. Gladius XXXII:87–102
Hosler D (2014) Mesoamerican metallurgy: the perspective from the west. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective. Springer, New York, pp 329–360
Hutchinson RW (1965) Genesis of Canadian massive sulphides by comparison to Cyprus deposits. Transactions LXVIII:286–300, The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin. Montreal
Jones JE (1982) The Laurion silver mines: a review of recent researches and results. Greece and Rome (Second Series) 29(02):169–183
Jovanovic B (1988) Early metallurgy in Yugoslavia. In: The beginning of the use of metals and alloys. pp 69–79
Kafafi ZA (2014) New insights on the copper mines of Wadi Faynan/Jordan. Palest Explor Q 146(4):263–280
Keith M, Haase KM, Schwarz-Schampera U, Klemd R (2014) Effects of temperature, sulfur and oxygen fugacity on the composition of spahlerite from submarine hydrothermal vents. Geology 42:699–702
Kesler SE (1973) Copper, molybdenum and gold abundances in porphyry copper deposits. Econ Geol 68:106–112
Killick D (1991) The relevance of recent African iron-smelting practice to reconstructions of prehistoric smelting technology. In: Recent trends in archaeometallurgical research. pp 47–54
Killick D (2009) Cairo to Cape: the spread of metallurgy through eastern and southern Africa. J World Prehistory 22:399–414
Killick D (2014) From ores to metals. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective. Springer, New York, pp 11–45
Lechtman H (2014) Andean metallurgy in prehistory. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective. Springer, New York, pp 361–422
Lechtman H, Klein S (1999) The production of copper-arsenic alloys (arsenic bronze) by cosmelting: modern experiment and ancient practice. J Archaeol Sci 26(5):497–526
Lespez L, Papadopolous S (2008) Etude geoarchaeologique du site d’Aghios Ioannis a Thasos. BCH 132:667–692
Levy TE, Najjar M, Ben-Josef E (2014) New insights into the iron age archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan, vol 35, Monumenta Archaeologica. University of New Mexico Press, Albuequerque
Lutz J, Pernicka E (2013) Prehistoric copper from the Eastern Alps. In: Tykot RH (ed) Proceedings of the 38th International Symposium on Archaeometry – May 10th–14th 2010, Tampa. Open J Archaeometry 1:e25
Meinert LD, Dipple GM, Nicolescu S (2005) World skarn deposits. In: Hedenquist JW, Thompson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (eds) Economic geology 100th anniversary volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp 299–336
Meixnar H, Paar W (1982) New observations on ore formation and weathering of the Kamariza Deposit, Laurion, SE Attica (Greece). In: Ore genesis. special publication of the society for geology applied to mineral deposits, vol 2. pp 760–776
Mellaart J (1966) Excavations at Catal Hüyük, 1965: fourth preliminary report. Anatol Stud 16:165–191
Muhly JD (1985) Sources of tin and the beginnings of bronze metallurgy. Am J Archaeol 89:275–291
Muhly JD (2006) Chrysokamino in the history of early metallurgy. Hesperia Suppl 155–177
Nerantzis N, Papadopolous S (2013) Reassessment and new data on the diachronic relationship of Thasos Island with its indigenous metal resources; a review. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 5:183–196
Notis MR (2014) Metals. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective. Springer, New York, pp 47–66
Oxburgh ER (1968) An outline of the geology of the central Eastern Alps. Proc Geol Assoc 79:1–4
Papadopolous S (2008) Silver and copper production practices in the prehistoric settlement of Limenaria, Thasos. In: Tzachilli I (ed) Aegean metallurgy in the bronze age, proceedings of an international symposium held at the University of Crete. Ta Pragmata, Rethymnon, pp 59–67
Pernicka et al (1997)
Perret S, Serneels V (2006) Technological characterisation and quantification of a large-scale iron smelting site in Fiko (Dogon plateau, Mali). Proceedings actes ISA, pp 453–463
Preuschen E (1973) Estrazione rninerarie dell’eta dal Bronzo nel Trentino. Prehist Alpina 9:113–150
Radivojevic M (2012) On the origins of metallurgy in Europe: metal production in the Vinca Culture. Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London)
Rono PA (1984) Hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centers. Earth Sci Rev 20:1–104
Rothenberg B, Merkel J (1995) Late Neolithic copper smelting in the Arabah. Inst Archaeo-Metall Stud Newsl 19:1–17
Rychner V, Kläntschi N (1995) Arsenic, nickel et antimoine. Cahiers d’Archéologie. Romande No.63, Tome 1. Lausanne
Schmidt PR (1981) The origins of iron smelting in Africa: a complex technology in Tanzania (No. 1). Department of Anthropology, Brown University
Sherratt S (2000) Catalogue of Cycladic antiquities in the Ashmolean Museum: the captive spirit, vol 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Shimada I (2000) The late Prehispanic coastal states. In: Minelli LL (ed) The Inca world. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp 49–64, 97–110
Shimada I, Merkel J (1991) Copper-alloy metallurgy in ancient Peru. Sci Am 265:80–86
Steinmann G (1927) Die ophiolitischen Zonen in den mediterranen Kettengebirgen, translated and reprinted by Bernoulli and Friedman. In: Dilek, Newcomb (eds) Ophiolite concept and the evolution of geologic thought. Geological Society of America Special Publication 373, 77–91
Wenner D, van der Merwe N (1987) Mining for the lowest grade ore: traditional iron production in northern Malawi. Geoarchaeology 2(3):199–216
Williams A (2009) A metallurgical study of some Viking swords. Gladius XXIX:121–184
Zuffardi P (1977) Ore/mineral deposits related to the Mesozoic ophiolites in Italy. In: Ridge JD (ed) IAGOD 5th symposium, proc. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp 314–323
Roberts BW, Thornton CP (2014) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective. Springer Science+ Business Media, New York
Pernicka E, Begemann F, Schmitt-Strecker S, Wagner GA (1993) Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 68(1):1–54
Pigott VC (1999). The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world, vol 16. U. Penn Museum of Archaeology
van der Merwe NJ, Avery DH (1982) Pathways to steel. Am Sci 70:146–155
Rostoker RW, Pigott VC, Dvorak J (1989) Direct reduction of copper metal by oxide-sulphide mineral interaction. Archeomaterials 3:69–87
Budd P, Gale D, Pollard AM, Thomas RG, Williams PA (1993) Evaluating lead isotope data: further observations. Archaeometry 35:241–263
Wertime TA (1978) The search for ancient tin: the geographic and historic boundaries. In: Franklin A, Odin JS, Wertime TA (eds) The search for ancient tin. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp 1–6
Renfrew C, Gimbutas M, Elster ES (eds) (2003) Excavations at Sitagroi: a prehistoric village in Northeast Greece, vol 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles
Hedges REM, Housley RA, Bronk CR, Van Klinken GJ (1990) Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry Dateiist 11. Archaeometry 32(2):211–237
Forbes RJ (1964) Metallurgy in antiquity: a notebook for archaeologists and technologists, vol 8. Brill Archive, Leiden
Craddock PT (1980) The composition of copper produced at the ancient smelting camps in the Wadi Timna, Israel. In: Craddock PT (ed.) Scientific studies in early mining and extractive metallurgy. British Museum Research Laboratory, 165 ff
Souckova-Sigelová J (2001) Treatment and usage of iron in the Hittite Empire in the 2nd millennium BC. Mediterranean Archaeol 1:189–193
van der Merwe NJ, Avery DH (1987) Science and magic in African technology: traditional iron smelting in Malawi. Africa 57(2):143–172
Schmidt PD (1978) Historical archaeology: a structural approach in an African Culture. Greenwood Press, Westport
Carr Donald D, Herz N (1989) Concise encyclopedia of mineral resources
Richards JP (2011) Magmatic to hydrothermal metal fluxes in convergent and collided margins. Ore Geol Rev 40(1):1–26
Jugo PJ (2009) Sulfur content at sulfide saturation in oxidized magmas. Geology 37:415–418. doi:10.1130/G25527A.1
Robertson AH (2006) Contrasting modes of ophiolite emplacement in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geol Soc London Memoirs 32(1):235–261
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Garrison, E. (2016). Metallic Minerals, Ores, and Metals. In: Techniques in Archaeological Geology. Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30232-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30232-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30230-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30232-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)