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The Basics of Autophagy

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Autophagy Networks in Inflammation

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

Autophagy can be defined as a catabolic process that maintains cellular homeostasis by the degradation of damaged or excess cellular organelles and protein aggregates from the cytoplasm, thereby enabling cell survival. Cell culture and in vivo studies have revealed the importance of autophagy in numerous diseases, including cancer, aging, neurodegenerative, infectious and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of the formation and composition of the different structures involved in autophagy, as well as the regulation of this pathway, is an important goal for converting autophagy into a potential therapeutic target in a plethora of diseases.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Adenylate cyclase

Akt:

v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1

Ambra1:

Activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

Atg:

Autophagy-related genes

Bcl:

B-cell lymphoma

Bnip3:

Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3

CMA:

Chaperone-mediated autophagy

DEPTOR:

DEP-domain containing mTOR interacting protein

4E-BP1:

Translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1

Epac:

Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERK1/2:

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complex required for transport

FIP200:

Focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein of 200 kDa

FoxO3:

Forkhead box O3

GAP:

GTPase-activating protein

GPCRs:

G-protein-coupled receptors

HOPS:

Homotypic fusion and protein sorting vacuoles

hVps:

Mammalian homologue of vacuolar protein sorting

IKK:

Inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase

IMPase:

inositol monophosphatase

IP3R:

Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor

I1R:

Imidazoline-1 receptor

JNK1:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1

LC3:

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3

LKB1:

Liver Kinase B1

mLST8:

Lethal mammalian protein SEC13 With 8

mSIN1:

mammalian stress-activated protein kinase mitogen activated-interacting protein 1

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

mTORC:

mTOR complex

p70S6K:

Ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1

PDK1:

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PI3KC1a:

Class Ia PI3K

PI3KC3:

Class III PI3K

PI3KK:

PI3K-related protein kinase

PRAS40:

Proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10

Raptor:

Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR

Rheb:

Ras homologue enriched in brain

Rictor:

Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR

SLC:

Solute carrier

SNARE:

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor

TFEB:

Transcription factor EB

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

TSC:

Tuberous sclerosis complex

UPS:

Ubiquitin-proteasome system

ULK1:

UNC-51-like kinase 1

UVRAG:

UV irradiation resistance-associated gene

v-ATPase:

Vacuolar H+-ATPase

Vps:

Vacuolar protein sorting

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Acknowledgements

Rosa-Ana González-Polo was supported by a talent research contract (Junta de Extremadura, TA13009, Spain) and received research support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (PI14/00170). Dr. José M. Fuentes received research support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, CIBERNED (CB06/05/004), Consejería, Economía, Comercio e Innovación Junta de Extremadura (GR15045), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (PI150034). This work is supported also by “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER), from European Union. We all thanks to FUNDESALUD for helpful assistance.

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  1. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Cáceres, Spain

    Rosa A. González-Polo, Elisa Pizarro-Estrella, Sokhna M. S. Yakhine-Diop, Mario Rodríguez-Arribas, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Ignacio Casado-Naranjo, José M. Bravo-San Pedro & José M. Fuentes

  2. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda Universidad, s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain

    Rosa A. González-Polo, Elisa Pizarro-Estrella, Sokhna M. S. Yakhine-Diop, Mario Rodríguez-Arribas, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, José M. Bravo-San Pedro & José M. Fuentes

  3. Departmento de Neurologia, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, 10002, Spain

    Ignacio Casado-Naranjo

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Correspondence to Rosa A. González-Polo or José M. Fuentes .

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  1. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138 – Team 11,, Paris, France

    Maria Chiara Maiuri

  2. Multi Medica Fondazione Onlus, Milan, Italy

    Daniela De Stefano

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González-Polo, R.A. et al. (2016). The Basics of Autophagy. In: Maiuri, M., De Stefano, D. (eds) Autophagy Networks in Inflammation. Progress in Inflammation Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_1

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