Abstract
Hankel matrices (aka connection matrices) of word functions and graph parameters have wide applications in automata theory, graph theory, and machine learning. We give a characterization of real-valued functions on nested words recognized by weighted visibly pushdown automata in terms of Hankel matrices on nested words. This complements C. Mathissen’s characterization in terms of weighted monadic second order logic.
Nadia Labai—Supported by the National Research Network RiSE (S114), and the LogiCS doctoral program (W1255) funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).
Johann A. Makowsky—Partially supported by a grant of Technion Research Authority.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This formalism was originally introduced in [18] for graph parameters.
- 2.
The original definition of nested words allowed “dangling” edges. We will only be concerned with nested words that are well-matched.
References
Allauzen, C., Mohri, M., Riley, M.: Statistical modeling for unit selection in speech synthesis. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 55. Association for Computational Linguistics (2004)
Alur, R., Madhusudan, P.: Adding nesting structure to words. In: Ibarra, O.H., Dang, Z. (eds.) DLT 2006. LNCS, vol. 4036, pp. 1–13. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Alur, R., Arenas, M., Barceló, P., Etessami, K., Immerman, N., Libkin, L.: First-order and temporal logics for nested words. In: 22nd Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, 2007, LICS 2007, pp. 151–160. IEEE (2007)
Angluin, D.: On the complexity of minimum inference of regular sets. Inf. Control 39(3), 337–350 (1978)
Angluin, D.: Learning regular sets from queries and counterexamples. Inf. Comput. 75(2), 87–106 (1987)
Arnold, A., Plaice, J.: Finite Transition Systems: Semantics of Communicating Systems. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., Hert- fordshire (1994)
Balle, B., Mohri, M.: Spectral learning of general weighted automata via constrained matrix completion. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp. 2168–2176 (2012)
Balle, B., Mohri, M.: Learning weighted automata. In: Maletti, A. (ed.) Algebraic Informatics. LNCS, vol. 9270, pp. 1–21. Springer, New York (2015)
Beimel, A., Bergadano, F., Bshouty, N., Kushilevitz, E., Varricchio, S.: Learning functions represented as multiplicity automata. J. ACM (JACM) 47(3), 506–530 (2000)
Bergadano, F., Varricchio, S.: Learning behaviors of automata from multiplicity and equivalence queries. SIAM J. Comput. 25(6), 1268–1280 (1996)
Bisht, L., Bshouty, N.H., Mazzawi, H.: On optimal learning algorithms for multiplicity automata. In: Lugosi, G., Simon, H.U. (eds.) COLT 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4005, pp. 184–198. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Carlyle, J., Paz, A.: Realizations by stochastic finite automata. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 5, 26–40 (1971)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Probabilistic weighted automata. In: Bravetti, M., Zavattaro, G. (eds.) CONCUR 2009. LNCS, vol. 5710, pp. 244–258. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jobstmann, B., Singh, R.: Measuring and synthesizing systems in probabilistic environments. In: Touili, T., Cook, B., Jackson, P. (eds.) CAV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 380–395. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Cobham, A.: Representation of a word function as the sum of two functions. Math. Syst. Theory 11, 373–377 (1978)
Courcelle, B., Engelfriet, J.: Graph Structure and Monadic Second-Order Logic: A Language-Theoretic Approach, vol. 138. Cambridge University Press, New York (2012)
Courcelle, B., Makowsky, J.A., Rotics, U.: Linear time solvable optimization problems on graphs of bounded clique width. In: Hromkovič, J., Sýkora, O. (eds.) WG 1998. LNCS, vol. 1517, pp. 1–16. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Courcelle, B., Makowsky, J., Rotics, U.: On the fixed parameter complexity of graph enumeration problems definable in monadic second order logic. Discrete Appl. Math. 108(1–2), 23–52 (2001)
Culik II, K., Kari, J.: Image compression using weighted finite automata. In: Borzyszkowski, A.M., Sokolowski, S. (eds.) MFCS 1993. LNCS, vol. 711, pp. 392–402. Springer, Heidelberg (1993)
D’Antoni, L., Alur, R.: Symbolic visibly pushdown automata. In: Biere, A., Bloem, R. (eds.) CAV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8559, pp. 209–225. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
De Schutter, B., De Moor, B.: The singular-value decomposition in the extended max algebra. Linear Algebra Appl. 250, 143–176 (1997)
De Schutter, B., De Moor, B.: The qr decomposition and the singular value decomposition in the symmetrized max-plus algebra revisited. SIAM Rev. 44(3), 417–454 (2002)
Downey, R., Fellows, M.: Parametrized Complexity. Springer, New York (1999)
Driscoll, E., Burton, A., Reps, T.: Checking compatibility of a producer and a consumer. Citeseer (2011)
Driscoll, E., Thakur, A., Reps, T.: OpenNWA: a nested-word automaton library. In: Madhusudan, P., Seshia, S.A. (eds.) CAV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 665–671. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Droste, M., Gastin, P.: Weighted automata and weighted logics. In: Caires, L., Italiano, G.F., Monteiro, L., Palamidessi, C., Yung, M. (eds.) ICALP 2005. LNCS, vol. 3580, pp. 513–525. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Droste, M., Kuich, W., Vogler, H.: Handbook of Weighted Automata. Springer Science & Business Media, Heidelberg (2009)
Fernando, C., Pereira, N., Riley, M.: Speech recognition by composition of weighted finite automata. In: Roche, E., Schabes, Y. (eds.) Finite-State Language Processing. MIT Press, Cambridge (1997)
Fliess, M.: Matrices de hankel. J. Math. Pures Appl. 53(9), 197–222 (1974)
Freedman, M., Lovász, L., Schrijver, A.: Reflection positivity, rank connectivity, and homomorphism of graphs. J. Am. Math. Soc. 20(1), 37–51 (2007)
Gauwin, O., Niehren, J.: Streamable fragments of forward Xpath. In: Bouchou-Markhoff, B., Caron, P., Champarnaud, J.-M., Maurel, D. (eds.) CIAA 2011. LNCS, vol. 6807, pp. 3–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Gentle, J.: Computational Statistics, vol. 308. Springer, New York (2009)
Godlin, B., Kotek, T., Makowsky, J.A.: Evaluations of Graph Polynomials. In: Broersma, H., Erlebach, T., Friedetzky, T., Paulusma, D. (eds.) WG 2008. LNCS, vol. 5344, pp. 183–194. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Gold, E.: Complexity of automaton identification from given data. Inf. Control 37(3), 302–320 (1978)
Golub, G., Van Loan, C.: Matrix Computations, vol. 3. JHU Press, Baltimore (2012)
Habrard, A., Oncina, J.: Learning multiplicity tree automata. In: Sakakibara, Y., Kobayashi, S., Sato, K., Nishino, T., Tomita, E. (eds.) ICGI 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4201, pp. 268–280. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Harris, W.R., Jha, S., Reps, T.: Secure programming via visibly pushdown safety games. In: Madhusudan, P., Seshia, S.A. (eds.) CAV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 581–598. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Haussler, D., Littlestone, N., Warmuth, M.: Predicting \(\{\)0, 1\(\}\)-functions on randomly drawn points. In: 29th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1988, pp. 100–109. IEEE (1988)
Heller, A.: Probabilistic automata and stochastic transformations. Theory Comput. Syst. 1(3), 197–208 (1967)
Hsu, D., Kakade, S., Zhang, T.: A spectral algorithm for learning hidden markov models. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 78(5), 1460–1480 (2012)
Kiefer, S., Murawski, A.S., Ouaknine, J., Wachter, B., Worrell, J.: On the complexity of equivalence and minimisation for Q-weighted automata. Log. Meth. Comput. Sci. (LMCS) 9(1:8), 1–22 (2013)
Klema, V., Laub, A.: The singular value decomposition: its computation and some applications. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 25(2), 164–176 (1980)
Labai, N.: Definability and Hankel Matrices. Master’s thesis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computer Science (2015)
Labai, N., Makowsky, J.: Weighted automata and monadic second order logic. In: EPTCS Proceedings of GandALF, vol. 119, pp. 122–135 (2013)
Labai, N., Makowsky, J.: Tropical graph parameters. In: DMTCS Proceedings of FPSAC, vol. 01, pp. 357–368 (2014)
Labai, N., Makowsky, J.: Meta-theorems using hankel matrices (2015)
Littlestone, N.: Learning quickly when irrelevant attributes abound: a new linear-threshold algorithm. Mach. Learn. 2(4), 285–318 (1988)
Lovász, L.: Connection matrices. Oxford Lect. Ser. Math. Appl. 34, 179 (2007)
Lovász, L.: Large Networks and Graph Limits, vol. 60. Colloquium Publications, New York (2012)
Makowsky, J.: Algorithmic uses of the Feferman-Vaught theorem. Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 126(1–3), 159–213 (2004)
Mathissen, C.: Weighted logics for nested words and algebraic formal power series. In: Aceto, L., Damgård, I., Goldberg, L.A., Halldórsson, M.M., Ingólfsdóttir, A., Walukiewicz, I. (eds.) ICALP 2008, Part II. LNCS, vol. 5126, pp. 221–232. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
McMillan, K.: Symbolic Model Checking. Springer, New York (1993)
Mohri, M.: Finite-state transducers in language and speech processing. Comput. Linguist. 23(2), 269–311 (1997)
Mozafari, B., Zeng, K., Zaniolo, C.: High-performance complex event processing over xml streams. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 253–264. ACM (2012)
Murawski, A.S., Walukiewicz, I.: Third-order idealized algol with iteration is decidable. In: Sassone, V. (ed.) FOSSACS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3441, pp. 202–218. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Pitt, L., Warmuth, M.: The minimum consistent dfa problem cannot be approximated within any polynomial. J. ACM (JACM) 40(1), 95–142 (1993)
Poularikas, A.: Transforms and Applications Handbook. CRC Press, London (2010)
Valiant, L.: A theory of the learnable. Commun. ACM 27(11), 1134–1142 (1984)
Acknowledgments
We thank Boaz Blankrot for helpful discussions on matrix decompositions and the anonymous referees for valuable feedback.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Labai, N., Makowsky, J.A. (2016). Hankel Matrices for Weighted Visibly Pushdown Automata. In: Dediu, AH., Janoušek, J., Martín-Vide, C., Truthe, B. (eds) Language and Automata Theory and Applications. LATA 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9618. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30000-9_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30000-9_36
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29999-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30000-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)