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Considerations on the Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids

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Engineering Applications of Nanotechnology

Part of the book series: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering ((TMMME))

Abstract

The properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density of nanofluids have been determined by various investigators through experiments. An equation developed for specific heat and density employing the law of mixtures is observed to be valid when compared with the experimental data. However, the experimental data of viscosity and thermal conductivity reported by investigators are observed to vary by more than 25 % for certain nanofluids. Theoretical models for the estimation of properties are yet to be developed. The nanofluid properties are essential for the comparison of heat transfer enhancement capabilities. Equations are developed for the estimation of viscosity and thermal conductivity by Corcione and Sharma et al. These equations are flexible to determine the nanofluid properties for a wide range of operating parameters which can predict the experimental data of water-based nanofluids with a maximum deviation of 12 %.

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Abbreviations

C :

Specific heat at constant pressure, J/(K kg)

C RM :

Random motion velocity of nanoparticles, m/s

D :

Diameter, nm

HR:

Non-dimensional heat capacity ratio \([\left( {\rho C} \right)_{p} /\left( {\rho C} \right)_{\text{nf}} ]\)

H :

Interparticle spacing

K :

Thermal conductivity, J/(K m)

\(k_{\text{B}}\) :

Boltzmann constant, \(1.3807 \, \times \,10^{ - 23} \,{\text{J}}/{\text{K}}\)

\(k_{\text{pe}}\) :

Equivalent thermal conductivity

L :

Molecular weight of the base fluid

N :

Avogadro’s number

N :

Empirical shape factor ‘n’ is equal to \(3/\psi\)

Pr :

Prandtl number

R :

Thermal resistance (K m2)/W

\(R_{\text{b}}\) :

Interfacial thermal resistance between nanoparticle and the fluid

Re :

Reynolds number

\(r_{\text{m}}\) :

Radius of the liquid species

\(r_{\text{p}}\) :

Radius of the suspended particles

T :

Thickness, m

T :

Temperature, K or °C

\(\alpha\) :

Thermal diffusivity, \([k/\rho C]\;({\text{m}}^{2} /{\text{s}})\)

\(\beta\) :

Ratio of nanolayer thickness to the particle radius

\(\omega\) :

\(= \left[ {\frac{{d_{\text{p}} }}{{\left( {d_{\text{p}} + 2t} \right)}}} \right]^{3}\)

\(\varnothing\) :

Volume fraction of nanoparticles in per cent

\(\phi_{\text{m}}\) :

Maximum packing fraction

\(\gamma\) :

Ratio of thermal conductivity of the layer to that of the particle

\(\mu\) :

Absolute viscosity, kg/(m s)

\(\mu_{\text{r}}\) :

Relative viscosity of the suspension

\(\vartheta\) :

Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

\(\rho\) :

Density (kg/m3)

\(\rho_{{{\text{bf}}0}}\) :

Mass density of the base fluid calculated at 20 °C

\({\text{fr}}\) :

Freezing point of the base liquid

\(\eta\) :

Intrinsic viscosity

\(\psi\) :

Sphericity

bf:

Base fluid

eff:

Effective

i:

Interface

nf:

Nanofluid

neff:

Net effective

w:

Water

p:

Nanoparticle

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial assistance from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia under FRGS grant vide Reference No. FRGS/1/2014/TK01/UTP/01/1 with cost centre 0153AB-K01.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia

    K. V. Sharma, Akilu Suleiman & Hj. Suhaimi B. Hassan

  2. BMS R&D Centre, BMS College of Engineering, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, 560019, India

    Gurumurthy Hegde

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  1. K. V. Sharma
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  2. Akilu Suleiman
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  3. Hj. Suhaimi B. Hassan
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  4. Gurumurthy Hegde
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Correspondence to K. V. Sharma .

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  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

    Viswanatha Sharma Korada

  2. Electrical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

    Nor Hisham B Hamid

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Sharma, K.V., Suleiman, A., Hassan, H.S.B., Hegde, G. (2017). Considerations on the Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids. In: Korada, V., Hisham B Hamid, N. (eds) Engineering Applications of Nanotechnology. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29761-3_2

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