Abstract
Buildings and infrastructure systems play a key role in communities by supporting social needs and institutions, including housing, business, government, industry, and other vital services. The concept of community resilience addresses the way that communities prepare for and recover from disruptive events. This chapter focuses on the role that buildings and infrastructure systems play in developing community resilience. The needs of citizens and institutions in a community, including public safety, define the performance requirements for buildings and infrastructure systems. However, current practice does not adequately address interdependencies between buildings and infrastructure systems or the role they play in recovery following a hazard event.
Recent examples of how the built environment performs during hazard events, such as Hurricane Katrina or Superstorm Sandy, are used to illustrate the uneven performance and interdependence of infrastructure systems, as well as cascading events, that dramatically affect recovery of the community. This chapter presents some recommendations on how to address these deficiencies by improving guidance, standards, and tools that supports community resilience planning. The research plan starts with the development of guidance documents, with stakeholder input across multiple disciplines, to identify best practices for achieving community resilience as well as research needs. The longer-term research includes development of performance goals and metrics for buildings and infrastructure systems, development of modeling tools at a community systems level, and a scientific foundation for developing improved standards, codes, guidelines, and tools to enhance community resilience.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The term building includes all the systems necessary for its functional operation, including architectural, structural, life safety, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, security, communication, and IT systems.
- 2.
The terms infrastructure systems include the physical plants, transmission, and distribution networks for transportation facilities (e.g., roads, bridges, airports, tunnels, ports, rail) and utilities (e.g., electric power, water and wastewater, fuels, and communication).
References
ANSI/ASME-ITI/AWWA. (2010). Standard J-100-10, Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection (RAMCAP®) Standard for Risk and Resilience Management of Water and Wastewater Systems, American Water Works Association (AWWA). New York, NY: Denver, CO and ASME Innovative Technologies Institute (ASME-ITI).
ASCE. (1990). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE Standard 7-88. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
ASCE. (2010). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE Standard 7-10. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
ASCE. (2013). A failure to act, the impact of current infrastructure investment on America’s Economic Future, prepared by the Economic Development Research Group Inc. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
ASME-ITI. (2011). A regional resilience/security analysis process for the Nation’s critical infrastructure systems, December 2011. New York, NY: ASME Innovative Technologies Institute (ASME-ITI).
Bruneau, M., Chang, S. E., Eguchi, R. T., Lee, G. C., O’Rourke, T. D., Reinhorn, A. M., et al. (2003). A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthquake Spectra, 19(4), 733–752.
CARRI. (2013). Community and Regional Resilience Institute, Community Resilience System, http://www.resilientus.org/recent-work/community-resilience-system, http://www.resilientus.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/CRS-Final-Report.pdf.
Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change, 29, 65–77.
CSU. (2016). Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning, http://resilience.colostate.edu.
DHS. (2009). National Infrastructure Protection Plan, partnering to enhance protection and resiliency. Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf.
DHS. (2012). Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide, Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 201, First Edition, April 2012. Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?fromSearch=fromsearch&id=5823.
FEMA. (2013). Sandy Recovery Improvement Act (SRIA) of 2013. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency. https://www.fema.gov/sandy-recovery-improvement-act-2013.
FEMA. (2015). Presidential disaster declarations by year. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency. https://www.fema.gov/disasters/grid/year.
FBC. (2004). History of the Florida Building Commission, Florida Building Commission, Department of Community Affairs, Building Codes and Standards, Tallahassee, FL. http://www.floridabuilding.org/fbc/information/building_commission.htm.
FHWA. (2012). Steel bridge design handbook: Limit states (Publication No. FHWA-IF-12-052-Vol. 10). Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
Hoboken. (2015). Hoboken Recovery Resource Center, Hoboken, NJ, http://www1.nyc.gov/site/recovery/index.page.
ICC. (2015). International codes-Adoption by Jurisdiction (January 2015). International Code Council, http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/Documents/jurisdictionadoptions.pdf.
LSUCCC. (2014). Uniform Construction Codes and Amendments Effective 1-1-14. Louisiana State Uniform Construction Code Council, Department of Public Safety, http://lsuccc.dps.louisiana.gov/codes.html.
McAllister, T. P. (2013). Developing guidelines and standards for disaster resilience of the built environment: A research needs assessment, NIST TN 1795. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
McAllister, T. P. (2014). The performance of essential facilities in Superstorm Sandy. Structures Congress 2014 (pp. 2269–2281). American Society of Civil Engineers.
McDaniels, T., Chang, S., Cole, D., Mikawoz, J., & Longstafff, H. (2008). Fostering resilience to extreme events within infrastructure systems: Characterizing decision contexts for mitigation and adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 18, 310–318.
NAP. (2012). Disaster resilience, a national imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. www.nap.edu.
NHC. (2013). Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Sandy (AL182012) 22–29 October 2012. National Hurricane Center, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf.
NIST. (2005). Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers (NIST NCSTAR 1). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, http://www.nist.gov/disaster-resilience/.
NIST. (2006). Performance of physical structures in Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita: A Reconnaissance Report, NIST Technical Note 1476. Gaithersburg, MD, June.
NIST. (2008). Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Building 7. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
NIST. (2010). Best practice guidelines for structural fire resistance design of concrete and steel buildings, NIST TN 1681. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
NIST. (2015). Community resilience planning guide for buildings and infrastructure systems (NIST Special Publication 1190). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
NOAA. (2005). Economic statistics for NOAA (4th ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, May 2005. www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/pdf/economic-statistics2005.pdf.
NOAA. (2010). Coastal resilience index: A community self-assessment. Washington, DC: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. http://masgc.org/assets/uploads/publications/662/coastalcommunity_resilience_index.pdf.
NRC. (2006). Improved seismic monitoring – Improved decision making: Assessing the value of reduced uncertainty. Washington, DC: Committee on the Economic Benefits of Improved Seismic Monitoring, Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics, National Research Council, The National Academies Press.
NWS. (2012). National Weather Service. Miami, South Florida: Weather Forecast Office. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=andrew.
NYC. (2015). NYC recovery. New York City, NY, http://www1.nyc.gov/site/recovery/index.page.
Oregon. (2013). The Oregon Resilience Plan: Reducing risk and improving recovery for the next Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami. Salem, OR, February, http://www.oregon.gov/OMD/OEM/osspac/docs/Oregon_Resilience_Plan_Final.pdf.
OSTP. (2008). Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction, National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, A Report of the Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction, Jun 2005, Second Printing Jan 2008. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, http://www.sdr.gov/SDRGrandChallengesforDisasterReduction.pdf.
Pfefferbaum, R., Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R. L., Klomp, R. W., Norris, F. H., & Reissman, D. B. (2013). The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART): An intervention to build community resilience to disasters. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 19(3), 250–258.
Pederson, P., Dudenhoeffer, D., Hartley, S., & Permann, M. (2006). Critical infrastructure interdependency modeling: A survey of U.S. and International Research, INL/EXT-06-11464. Idaho National Laboratory.
PPD-8. (2011). Presidential Policy Directive, PPD-8 – National Preparedness. The White House, March 30, 2011, http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness.
PPD-21. (2013). Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-21. The White House, March 30, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil.
Rinaldi, S. M., Peerenboom, J. P., & Kelly, T. K. (2001). Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, December.
Rockefeller. (2014). City resilience framework. New York City, NY: The Rockefeller Foundation, http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/0bb537c0-d872-467f-9470-b20f57c32488.pdf.
SPUR. (2009). When is a building safe enough? San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Urban Research Association, Issue 479, February 2009, http://www.spur.org, http://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/publications_pdfs/SPUR_Seismic_Mitigation_Policies.pdf.
Tsikoudakis, M. (2012). Hurricane Andrew prompted better building code requirements. Business Insurance, August 19, 2012, http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20120819/NEWS06/308199985#full_story.
UNISDR. (2014). Disaster Resilience Scorecard for cities, based on the “Ten Essentials” defined by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) for Making Cities Resilient, Developed for UNISDR by IBM and AECOM, Version 1.5, March 10, 2014, http://www.unisdr.org/2014/campaign-cities/Resilience%20Scorecard%20V1.5.pdf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McAllister, T.P. (2016). Community Resilience: The Role of the Built Environment. In: Gardoni, P., LaFave, J. (eds) Multi-hazard Approaches to Civil Infrastructure Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29713-2_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29713-2_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29711-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29713-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)