Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles for the Public Promotion of Photovoltaic Generation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Economics and Policy of Solar Photovoltaic Generation

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

  • 1209 Accesses

Abstract

Policy evaluation in general, and the assessment of support for solar PV in particular, needs to take into account several elements, including assessment criteria, market failures, policy areas to address those failures, goals, targets, technologies, instruments, design elements and different administrative levels. A holistic picture which coherently links those elements is needed in order to fully understand the justification for solar PV support policies as well as their assessment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In turn, this contribution depends on how the instruments and design elements are implemented. Policies that are easy to understand, transparent in terms of eligibility and compliance and stable in duration and statute (Sovacool 2010) are more likely to achieve those goals.

  2. 2.

    Obviously, given their qualitative differences, different technologies contribute differently to those goals and their contribution can be evaluated with the assessment criteria.

  3. 3.

    This section heavily draws from work performed in EU-funded projects (BEYOND2020, TOWARDS2030 and AURES) See http://www.res-policy-beyond2020.eu/, http://towards2030.eu/ and http://auresproject.eu/. See del Río et al. (2012), del Río and Peñasco (2014) and del Río et al. (2015) for further details. Beyond 2020 and towards were funded by the “Intelligent Energy—Europe” (IEE) programme of the European Commission (operated by EACI and EASME). AURES has been funded under the Horizon 2020 programme of the European Commission.

  4. 4.

    See, e.g. Schmalensse (2011), Green and Yatchew (2012), Heal (2010). For example, Schmalensee (2011: 10) argues that “The notion of ex-post efficiency […] involves taking detailed policy goals as given and asking whether they are likely to be attained at minimum cost or anything close to it. In the case of renewable energy this mainly requires production at the best sites, given the technologies required or allowed to be employed. […] Ex post efficiency as regards the top-line twenty percent target requires E.U.-wide equalization of the marginal cost of producing electricity from renewable energy”. There are other authors which take the other extreme, i.e. they only look at the costs of support and disregard the minimization of generation costs (i.e. Verbruggen and Lauber 2012), including the very influential IPCC report on renewables (Mitchell et al. 2011).

  5. 5.

    See, e.g. Huber et al (2004), EC (2008), Ragwitz et al. (2007), IEA (2008a, 2011), Mitchell et al. (2011), among others. Note, however, that policy costs mostly refer to distributional issues between RES-E generators, electricity consumers and, eventually, taxpayers.

  6. 6.

    See del Río and Cerdá (2014) for further explanations regarding the concept of minimization of generation costs and minimization of support costs.

  7. 7.

    In the responses to the Green Paper (EC 2013b), many EU countries underline that a greater focus on innovation is essential to ensure the feasibility and security of the EU energy system and for the further development of a portfolio of cost-effective and sustainable energy options RES-E policy in a broad sense should promote innovation. RES-E policy in this context encompasses not only support for diffusion (deployment), but also support for RD&D. However, it should be taken into account that deployment policies have innovation effects. As recently put by the European Commission itself, “support scheme design should also reflect the need to address longer term goals of fostering technological innovation, economies of scale, cost-reduction and spillover effects that facilitate reaching 2020 targets and reaching 2050 decarbonisation goals sustainably. Member States may also have a clear objective of promoting technology innovation in renewables to ensure the cost-effective medium term transition to a sustainable energy system” (EC 2013b: 8).

  8. 8.

    The need for a large-scale deployment of renewables to reduce CO2 emissions is common in the projections made with simulation models (see, e.g. IEA 2014a, b; Edenhofer et al. 2009).

  9. 9.

    The importance of these dynamic efficiency effects is shown by both renewable energy models and climate change models (see, e.g. Stern 2007).

  10. 10.

    See, for example, EC (2013a).

  11. 11.

    The Directive also set non-legally binding trajectories towards the national target.

  12. 12.

    Member States have developed their own tailor-made energy policies, which include different goals, ambitions and preferences. Not all Member States share a comparable ambition towards renewable energy, and they are not willing to transfer the required competences to a European level (Resch et al. 2013: 15).

  13. 13.

    Different types of learning effects have been considered in the literature, including learning-by-doing, learning-by-using, learning-by-interacting and learning-from-suppliers.

  14. 14.

    Notwithstanding, the competition for engineering, material and human resources may offset costs reductions due to economies of scale and learning effects (IEA 2009).

  15. 15.

    Greater deployment accelerates technological progress and provides economies of scale in manufacturing the associated equipment. The extent of the reductions depends on the maturity of the technology (IEA 2009).

  16. 16.

    For example, the diffusion of solar PV technologies depends on improvements in complementary technologies such as transmission and energy storage that will facilitate spread (Barrett 2009).

  17. 17.

    The economics of innovation has been particularly relevant in this context in so far as it has stressed the need to open the black box of technology, traditionally locked for economists. Opening the black box of low-carbon technologies (and sources of low-carbon technological change) may prove a fruitful approach to propose appropriate policy measures. Too much abstraction with respect to technologies might be of limited policy relevance.

  18. 18.

    See also Malueg (1989), Driesen (2003) and del Río (2015) for a detailed discussion on the innovation impacts of an ETS.

  19. 19.

    During the first compliance period (2005–2007), the EU allowance price reached a peak near 30€ in mid 2006, declining gradually to near 0€ in February 2007 and remaining at such level for the rest of 2007. In the second compliance period (2008–2012), the price reached a peak near 30€ in early 2008 and then stabilized at around 15€ for most of the rest of the period, declining to around 8€ by the end of it.

References

  • Bailey I, Ditty C (2009) Energy markets, capital inertia and economic instrument impacts. Clim Policy 9:22–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett S (2009) The coming global climate-technology revolution. J Econ Perspect 23(2):53–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barry M, Chapman R (2009) Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand: advantages, barriers and policy support instruments. Energy Policy 37(9):3358–3369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann B et al (2008) Harmonisation of support schemes. A European harmonized policy to promote RES-electricity—sharing costs & benefits. A report compiled within the European research project futures-e (Deriving a future European policy for renewable electricity), co-financed under the European Commission’s “Intelligent Energy for Europe” Programme. Karlsruhe, Germany, Fraunhofer ISI. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy. Accessed July 2015

  • Bleda M, del Río P (2013) The market failure and the systemic failure rationales in technological innovation failures. Res Policy 42(5):1039–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitschopf B, Held A (2014) Guidelines for assessing costs and benefits of RET deployment. Report in the framework of the EU-funded DIACORE project. Available at http://diacore.eu/. Accessed July 2015

  • CEER (2013) CEER report on renewable energy support in Europe. Ref. C10-SDE-19-04a. Available at http://www.ceer.eu. Accessed Aug 2015

  • Chameides W, Oppenheimer M (2007) Climate change: carbon trading over taxes. Science 315:1670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Jager D et al (2011) Financing renewable energy in the European energy market. Final Report. Ecofys Utrecht. Available at https://ec.europa.eu. Accessed July 2015

  • del Río P (2005) A European-wide harmonised tradable green certificate scheme for renewable electricity: is it really so beneficial? Energy Policy 33(10):1239–1251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del Río P (2011) Climate change policies and new technologies. In: Cerdá E, Labandeira X (eds) Climate change policies: global challenges and future prospects. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 49–68

    Google Scholar 

  • del Río P (2014) On evaluating success in complex policy mixes: the case of renewable energy support schemes. Policy Sci 47(3):267–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del Río P (2015) Renewable energy promotion: usual claims and empirical evidence. In: Ansuategui A, Delgado J, Galarraga I (eds) Green energy and efficiency. Springer, New York, pp 333–356

    Google Scholar 

  • del Río P, Cerdá E (2014) The policy implications of the different interpretations of the cost-effectiveness of renewable electricity support. Energy Policy 64:364–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del Río P, Labandeira X (2009) Barriers to the introduction of market-based instruments in climate policies: an integrated theoretical framework. Environ Econ Policy Stud 10(1):1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del Río P, Peñasco C (2014) Inventory of RES-E policy challenges towards 2030—Report for task 3.1 of project “Dialogue on a RES policy framework for 2030 (Towards2030-dialogue)”. The Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE). Available at http://towards2030.eu

  • del Río P et al (2012) Assessment criteria for identifying the main alternatives. D2.2 report under the beyond 2020 project, funded by the Intelligent Energy—Europe program. Available at http://www.res-policy-beyond2020.eu

  • del Río P et al (2015) Overview of design elements for RES-E auctions. Report D2.2 (a) for the project AURES (Promoting effective renewable energy auctions), funded under the EU H2020 program. Available at http://auresproject.eu

  • DIACORE project (2015) Database “cost and benefits of RES deployment in EU MS”. Project “Policy Dialogue on the assessment and convergence of RES policy in EU Member States”, Intelligent Energy—Europe programme. Available at http://diacore.eu/databases. Accessed 19 Oct 2015

  • Downing PB, White LJ (1986) Innovation in pollution control. J Environ Econ Manage 13(1):18–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driesen DM (2003) Does emissions trading encourage innovation? Environ Law Report 1:10094–10108

    Google Scholar 

  • Duscha V et al (2014) Employment and growth effects of sustainable energies in the European Union. Support activities for RES modelling post 2020. European project n. ENER/C1/428-2012. Available at https://ec.europa.eu. Accessed Aug 2015

  • EC (European Commission) (1996) Energy for the future: renewable sources of energy. COM (96) 576, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Commission) (2008) SEC(2008) 57 Commission Staff Working Document—the support of electricity from renewable energy sources. Available at http://ec.europa.eu. Accessed Aug 2010

  • EC (European Commission) (2013a) European Commission guidance for the design of renewables support schemes. Accompanying the document communication from the commission. Delivering the internal market in electricity and making the most of public intervention. SWD(2013) 439, Brussels. Available at http://ec.europa.eu. Accessed Dec 2014

  • EC (European Commission) (2013b) Green paper on “A 2030 framework for climate and energy policies”. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu. Accessed Aug 2015

  • EC (European Commission) (2014a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the regions. A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030. COM/2014/015. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu. Accessed July 2015

  • EC (European Commission) (2014b) Guidelines on state aid for environmental protection and energy 2014–2020, C(2014) 2322, Brussels. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu. Accessed July 2015

  • EC (European Commission) (2015) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the regions and the European Investment Bank. A framework strategy for a resilient energy union with a forward-looking climate change policy. COM/2015/080, Brussels. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu. Accessed Sept 2015

  • Edenhofer O et al (2009) The economics of decarbonization. Report of the RECIPE project. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Postdam. Available at http://www.pik-postdam.de. Accessed May 2011

  • Edenhofer O et al (2013) On the economics of renewable energy sources. Energy Economics 40:S12–S23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EEA (European Environmental Agency) (2015a) Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. Copenhagen. Available at http://www.eea.europa.eu. Accessed Feb 2016

  • EEA (European Environmental Agency) (2015b) Trends and projections in Europe 2015. Tracking progress towards Europe’s climate and energy targets. Copenhagen. Available at http://www.eea.europa.eu. Accessed Feb 2016

  • EPIA (2013) Retrospective measures at national level and their impact on the photovoltaic sector. European Photovoltaic Industry Association. Available at http://www.epia.org. Accessed July 2014

  • Eurobserv’er (2013) The state of renewable energies in Europe. Annual Report, Paris. Available at http://www.energies-renouvelables.org. Accessed July 2015

  • European Council (2014) Conclusions adopted by the European Council in the meeting “2030 climate and energy policy framework”, Brussels. Available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu. Accessed June 2015

  • Foxon T (2003) Inducing innovation for a low-carbon future: drivers, barriers and policies. The Carbon Trust, London. Available at http://www.thecarbontrust.co.uk. Accessed June 2015

  • Gephart M et al (2012) Contextualising the debate on harmonising RES-E support in Europe-A brief pre-assessment of potential harmonisation pathways. A report compiled within the project beyond 2020. EACI of the European Commission within the “Intelligent Energy Europe” programme. Ecofys, Berlin. Available at http://www.res-policy-beyond2020.eu. Accessed June 2015

  • Gowrisankaran G et al (2011) Intermittency and the value of renewable energy. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 17086. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w17086. Accessed Aug 2015

  • Green R, Yatchew A (2012) Support schemes for renewable energy: an economic analysis. Econ Energy Environ Policy 1(2):83–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillon D (2010) Assessing design options of a harmonised feed-in tariff scheme for Europe–a multi-criteria approach. Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie and Fraunhofer ISI. Available at www.isi.fraunhofer.de. Accessed May 2011

  • Hansen J-P, Percebois J (2010) Énergie. Économie et politiques. Éditions de Boeck Université, Bruxelles

    Google Scholar 

  • Heal G (2010) Reflections—the economics of renewable energy in the United States. Rev Environ Econ Policy 4(1):139–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber C et al (2004) Action plan for deriving dynamic RES-E policies. Report of the project Green-X. Available at http://www.greenx.at. Accessed Jan 2007

  • IEA (2008a) Deploying renewables. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2008b) Energy technology perspectives. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2009) World energy outlook, 2009th edn. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2011) Deploying renewable. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2014a) Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2014b) Energy technology perspectives. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IEA (2015) Energy technology perspectives. International Energy Agency, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • IRENA (2014) Evaluating renewable energy policy: a review of criteria and indicators for assessment. IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Available at http://www.irena.org. Accessed June 2015

  • IRENA (2015a). Renewable power generation costs in 2014. Bonn, Germany. Available at http://www.irena.org. Accessed Aug 2015

  • IRENA (2015b). Renewable energy and jobs—annual review 2015. Abu Dhabi, May 2015. Available at http://www.irena.org. Accessed Oct 2015

  • Jaffe A, Newell R, Stavins R (2005) A tale of two market failures: Technology and environmental policy. Ecol Econ 54(2–3):164–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jäger-Waldau A (2007) PV Status Report 2007. Research, solar cell production and market implementation of photovoltaics. JRC technical notes, EUR 23018 EN. Institute for Environment and Sustainability/Joint Research Centre/European Communities, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available at http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Accessed July 2010

  • Jones C (2010) Políticas de la Unión Europea para el desarrollo de las energías renovables. In: Moselle B, Padilla J, Schmalensee R (eds) Electricidad verde. Energías renovables y sistema eléctrico. Marcial Pons, Madrid, pp 391–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung C, Krutilla K, Boyd R (1996) Incentives for advanced pollution abatement technology at the industry level: an evaluation of policy alternatives. J Environ Econ Manag 30:95–111

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Klessmann C, De Lovinfosse I (2012) Minimum design criteria for future effective and efficient RE support—lessons learnt and thoughts for the way forward. Presentation held at joint workshop of EREC and ecofys on the future development of renewable electricity suport schemes, Brussels. Accessed Sept 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee B, Iliev I, Preston F (2009) Who owns our low carbon future? Intellectual property and energy technologies. Chatham House Report, London. Available at https://www.chathamhouse.org. Accessed June 2015

  • Malueg DA (1989) Emission credit trading and the incentive to adopt new pollution abatement technology. J Environ Econ Manag 16(1):52–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maréchal K (2007) The economics of climate change and the change for climate in economics. Energy Policy 35(10):5181–5194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendonça M (2007) Feed-in tariffs. Accelerating the deployment of renewable energy. World Future Council/Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinsey (2009) Pathways to a low-carbon economy. McKinsey & Company. Available at www.mckinsey.com. Accessed July 2015

  • Milliman SR, Prince R (1989) Firm incentives to promote technological change in pollution control. J Environ Econ Manag 17(3):247–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CHC et al (2011) Policy, financing and implementation. In: Edenhofer O et al (eds) IPCC Special Report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Available at http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report. Accessed Aug 2015

  • Neuhoff K et al (2009) Translating model results into economic policies. RECIPE Working paper. Available at http://www.pik-potsdam.de/recipe. Accessed June 2011

  • Neuhoff K, Schwenen S, Ruester S (2015) Power market design beyond 2020: time to revisit key elements? DIW Berlin, Discussion Paper 1456. Available at http://www.diw.de. Accessed Aug 2015

  • Newell RG (2008) A U.S. innovation strategy for climate change mitigation. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.brookings.edu. Accessed July 2015

  • Nordhaus W (2008) A question of balance. Weighing the options on global warming policies. Yale University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortega M et al (2015) Employment effects of renewable electricity deployment. A novel methodology. Energy 91:940–951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piria R et al (2013) Ensuring renewable electricity investments. 14 policy principles for a post-2020 perspective. Ecofys. Available at http://www.ecofys.com. Accessed July 2014

  • PTFV (2006) Visión de la tecnología fotovoltaica en España. Tecnología solar fotovoltaica: Investigación, desarrollo e implantación en el mercado, Plataforma Fotovoltaica Española. Available at http://www.pftv.org. Accessed January 2008

  • PV-TRAC (2005) A vision for photovoltaic technology. Report by the Photovoltaic Technology Research Advisory Council. Office for Oficial Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available at http://ec.europa.eu. Accessed July 2012

  • Ragwitz M et al (2007) OPTRES—assessment and optimisation of renewable energy support schemes in the European electricity market. Supported by the European Commission (D.G. Energy and Transport), Brussels. Available at http://www.eeg.tuwien.ac.at. Accessed Aug 2015

  • REN21 (2014) Renewable 2014. Global status report. REN 21 renewable energy policy network for the 21st century. Paris. Available at http://www.ren21.net. Accessed Apr 2015

  • REN21 (2015) Renewables 2015. Global status report. REN 21 renewable energy policy network for the 21st century. Paris. Available at http://www.ren21.net. Accessed Nov 2015

  • Rennings K et al (2000) Redefining innovation-eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics. Ecol Econ 32:319–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resch G et al (2009) 20% RES by 2020. An assessment of the new EU RES policy framework. In: Proceedings of the 10th IAEE European conference. Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Resch G et al (2013) Coordination or harmonization? Feasible pathways for a European RES strategy beyond 2020. Energy Environ 24(1–2):147–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Rip A, Kemp R (1998) Technological change. In: Rayner S, Malone E (eds) Human choice and climate change, vol 2. Battelle Press, Columbus, pp 327–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogge KS, Hoffmann VH (2010) The impact of the EU ETS on the sectoral innovation system of power generation technologies—findings for Germany. Energy Policy 38:7639–7652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogge K, Schneider M, Hoffmann V (2010) The innovation impact of the EU emission trading system—findings of company case studies in the German power sector. Ecol Econ 70:513–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmalensee R (2011) Evaluating policies to increase the generation of electricity from renewable energy. MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Working Paper 2011-008. Available at http://web.mit.edu. Accessed Aug 2015

  • Schmalensee R (2015) The future of solar energy: a personal assessment. Energy Econ (forthcoming)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sovacool BK (2010) A comparative analysis of renewable electricity support mechanisms. Energy 35(4):1779–1793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhilber S et al (2011) D17 Report: indicators assessing the performance of renewable energy support policies in 27 Member States. RE-Shaping: shaping an effective and efficient European renewable energy market. Available at http://www.reshaping-res-policy.eu. Accessed Aug 2015

  • Stern NH (2007) The economics of climate change: the Stern review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MR (2008) Cap-and-trade programs and innovation for climate safety. Working Paper. Berkeley. Available at http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu. Accessed Oct 2009

  • Taylor MR, Rubin ES, Hounshell D (2005) Control of SO2 emission from power plants: a case of induced technological innovation in the U.S. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 72:697–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen J (1952) On the theory of economic policy. North-Holland, Amsterdam

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ueckerdt F et al (2013) System LCOE: what are the costs of variable renewables? Energy 63:61–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unruh GC (2000) Understanding carbon lock-in. Energy Policy 28(12):817–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unruh GC (2002) Escaping carbon lock-in. Energy Policy 30:317–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verbruggen A, Lauber V (2012) Assessing the performance of renewable electricity support instruments. Energy Policy 45:635–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiser R, Barbose G, Holt E (2011) Supporting solar power in renewables portfolio standards: experience from the United States. Energy Policy 39(7):3894–3905

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Sustainability Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Pere Mir-Artigues

  2. National Research Council of Spain (CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    Pablo del Río

Authors
  1. Pere Mir-Artigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pablo del Río
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pere Mir-Artigues .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mir-Artigues, P., del Río, P. (2016). Principles for the Public Promotion of Photovoltaic Generation. In: The Economics and Policy of Solar Photovoltaic Generation. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29653-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29653-1_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29651-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29653-1

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation