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Mitochondrial Depolarization in Endothelial and Other Vascular Cells and Their Role in the Regulation of Cerebral Vascular Tone

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Vascular Ion Channels in Physiology and Disease

Abstract

Mitochondrial initiated events of the diverse cells types comprising the neurovascular unit promote changes in cerebrovascular tone through multiple signaling pathways. Activation of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels) leads to mitochondrial depolarization as well as activation of cell-specific signaling mechanisms in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and perivascular and parenchymal nerves resulting in an integrated dilator response of cerebral arteries. Activation of mitoKATP channels relaxes VSM via generation of calcium sparks and subsequent downstream signaling mechanisms, and this relaxation can be augmented by nitric oxide (NO) produced by mitoKATP channel activation in endothelium and adjacent neurons. Some research suggests that calcium activated potassium channels may also be present in mitochondria (mitoKCa channels) and may affect cerebral vascular tone, but more research is needed to support this view. Pre-existing chronic conditions such as insulin resistance (IR) and/or diabetes impair mitoKATP channel-relaxation of cerebral arteries. Surprisingly, mitoKATP channel function after intense stress such as ischemia appears to be retained in large cerebral arteries despite generalized cerebral vascular dysfunction. Production of vasoactive factors following activation of mitochondria in response to physiological stimuli in one or more of the cells comprising the neurovascular unit may represent the elusive signaling link between metabolic rate and blood flow. In addition, our data indicate that mitoKATP channels represent an important, but underutilized target toward improving vascular dysfunction and decreasing brain injury in stroke patients.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Nancy Busija, M.A. for the help with editing the manuscript. We also thank Ken Grant of the Cellular Imaging Shared Resource at Wake Forest University Health Sciences for assistance with electron microscopy. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants (D.W.B.: HL-077731, HL-030260, HL093554 and HL-065380), Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund-Research Competitiveness Subprogram (P.V.K.: LEQSF(2014-17)-RD-A-11), American Heart Association National Center NRCP Scientist Development Grant (P.V.K.: 14SDG20490359), and American Heart Association Post-Doctoral Fellowship Grant (I.R.: 15POST23040005). This research was supported in whole or in part by the Louisiana Board of Regents Endowed Chairs for Eminent Scholars program to D.W.B.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, #8683, New Orleans, LA, USA

    David W. Busija Ph.D., M.D. [Hon], Ibolya Rutkai & Prasad V. Katakam

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  1. David W. Busija Ph.D., M.D. [Hon]
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  2. Ibolya Rutkai
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Correspondence to David W. Busija Ph.D., M.D. [Hon] .

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  1. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Irena Levitan, PhD

  2. The University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Alex M. Dopico, MD, PhD

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Busija, D.W., Rutkai, I., Katakam, P.V. (2016). Mitochondrial Depolarization in Endothelial and Other Vascular Cells and Their Role in the Regulation of Cerebral Vascular Tone. In: Levitan, PhD, I., Dopico, MD, PhD, A. (eds) Vascular Ion Channels in Physiology and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29635-7_3

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