Abstract
This chapter addresses whether women with IPV exposure are more vulnerable to social position’s impact on health outcomes than women without IPV exposure. According to the conceptual framework, for IPV survivors in lower social positions, differential vulnerability to poor health is a further mechanism contributing to health inequities, particularly if women do not have the resources necessary to adequately access health care. Therefore, for the US, Germany, and Norway, it was first hypothesized that higher social position is related to better health. Second, it was hypothesized that IPV exposure negatively contributes to health outcomes. The final hypothesis is that social position’s negative impact on health increases with IPV exposure. The present chapter is split into two primary sections. Section 8.1 presents the results related to the impact of IPV exposure on health, beyond what can be attributed to social position. Building on these results, Sect. 8.2 specifically addresses the moderating effect of IPV on the relationship between social position and health. The chapter concludes with an overview of the results for each country and a discussion of the key findings in the context of the conceptual framework and the empirical literature.
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Notes
- 1.
It is worth emphasizing that the same hypotheses were tested for each country, and due to the methodological considerations described in Chap. 5, the countries were not statistically compared against one another. Whether differences across countries could be attributable to differences in the policy context will be explored in Chap. 9.
- 2.
Which was equal to approximately €1376 in 2003 (European Central Bank 2014).
- 3.
The models interacting household income and employment, and education and employment were not significant and are, therefore, not discussed in the text. For full tables of these results, please contact the author.
- 4.
Which was equal to approximately €1376 in 2003 (European Central Bank 2014).
- 5.
Models including all three interaction terms together were first tested, but omnibus tests of significance indicated that the three interaction terms together did not significantly impact the results. Thus, models with the individual interaction terms were also tested (Frazier et al. 2004).
- 6.
Income * minor IPV: OR = 0.92 (0.06), income * severe IPV: 1.03 (0.03), education * minor IPV: 0.94 (0.11), education * severe IPV: 1.02 (0.07), employed * no IPV: 1.08 (0.40), employed * minor IPV: 0.34 (0.27).
- 7.
For full tables of these results, please contact the author.
- 8.
Income * minor IPV: OR = 1.03 (0.03), income * severe IPV: 0.98 (0.02), education * minor IPV: 0.99 (0.12), education * severe IPV: 0.93 (0.11), employed * no IPV: 1.05 (0.56), employed * minor IPV: 0.83 (0.77).
- 9.
US: income * minor IPV: OR = 0.99 (0.00), income * severe IPV: 0.99 (0.00), education * minor IPV: 1.03 (0.02), education * severe IPV: 1.02 (0.02), employed * no IPV: 1.07 (0.20), employed * minor IPV: 1.07 (0.13).
- 10.
Germany: income * minor IPV: OR = 0.99 (0.01), income * severe IPV: 0.99 (0.01), education * minor IPV: 0.98 (0.02), education * severe IPV: 0.98 (0.02), employed * no IPV: 0.93 (0.10), employed * minor IPV: 0.99 (0.17).
- 11.
Norway: income * minor IPV: OR = 1.01 (0.02), income * severe IPV: 1.01 (0.02), education * minor IPV: 0.96 (0.10), education * severe IPV: 0.90 (0.10), employed * no IPV: 1.41 (0.67), employed * minor IPV: 0.62 (0.55).
- 12.
As mentioned in Chap. 7, it is important to note that the measure of household income in the German data was after taxes and social contributions. It would be expected that this would level out the social gradient to a certain extent. In this sense, it is particularly interesting that the relationship remained between household income and both health outcome variables.
- 13.
Although the correlation between education and household income in Norway was in the same moderately low range as in Germany (see Chap. 6), no interaction was found in the Norwegian data. In contrast, a moderately strong correlation between education and household income was found in the US data, which may explain a reduced tendency toward status inconsistency.
- 14.
See also Sect. 7.2 for issues specific to the relationship between social position and IPV exposure.
- 15.
The reader is referred to Chap. 2 for a more comprehensive discussion of the controversy regarding types of IPV and their measurement.
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Larsen, M. (2016). Findings on Differential Vulnerability to Poor Health. In: Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. Social Disparities in Health and Health Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29565-7_8
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