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Research Design and Methods

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Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women

Part of the book series: Social Disparities in Health and Health Care ((SDHHC))

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Abstract

The questions investigated in this book seek to understand both the individual- and macro-level factors involved in the health inequities of IPV survivors. At the individual level, three different national data sets on the topic of violence against women and health are quantitatively analyzed to examine the mechanisms of differential exposure to IPV and differential vulnerability to poor health among IPV survivors. At the macro level, the results from the quantitative analyses are qualitatively compared across the policy contexts of the US, Germany, and Norway using detailed case descriptions. With this in mind, the present chapter begins with a presentation of the three sets of national survey data, as well as a description of the sample selection, and the operationalization of the variables of interest. Finally, an account is given of the univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses applied to answer Research Questions 1 and 2, as well as a description of the cross-national comparison to answer Research Questions 3 and 4.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although, to be clear, international surveys on violence against women have been conducted. The WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women covered: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Peru, Namibia, Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, and the United Republic of Tanzania (WHO 2005). The International Violence Against Women Survey covered: Australia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Hong Kong, Italy, Mozambique, the Philippines, Poland and Switzerland (Johnson et al. 2008). Additionally, the Demographic and Health Surveys also include items regarding violence and health, but do not systematically cover countries with functioning welfare states. Most promising is the data from a cross-national survey conducted by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights [FRA] 2014) among 42,000 women in all 28 member states of the EU, which was made available for public use only in the second half of 2015.

  2. 2.

    The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey is a more recent national survey conducted in 2010 by the CDC, NIJ, and Department of Defense (Black et al. 2011). However, the data were not publically available when analysis for this book began.

  3. 3.

    The original collector of the data (i.e., ICPSR) and the sponsoring agencies (i.e., NIJ, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, and the CDC) bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.

  4. 4.

    These data were made available by the Data Archive for Social Sciences at GESIS in Cologne. Neither the authors of the study, IFF, infas, nor GESIS bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretation of the data presented here.

  5. 5.

    These data were prepared and made available by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD). Neither the authors of the study, Statistics Norway, nor NSD are responsible for the analyses or interpretation of the data presented here.

  6. 6.

    However, there were no requests to receive the survey in Nynorsk.

  7. 7.

    Although the age range sampled in Norway was 20–55, some respondents turned 56 during the period of data collection (Flåte 2004).

  8. 8.

    All three data sets also allowed for the narrowing of IPV exposure to within the past year. However, it would have resulted in sample sizes too small for the appropriate statistical analyses. For this reason, the time frame of the past 5 years was chosen.

  9. 9.

    For clarity’s sake, the reader should be aware that those women with IPV experiences more than 5 years ago were not included in the analysis.

  10. 10.

    While psychological or emotional abuse (e.g., possessive behavior, humiliation, limiting contact with friends or family) is increasingly included in definitions of IPV, and it has been shown to have a negative effect on the health of IPV survivors (Nicolaidis and Paranjape 2009), key conceptual, definitional, and methodological problems remain in its measurement (Follingstad 2009; Follingstad et al. 2015; Maiuro 2001). This is unfortunately also the case for the data analyzed in this book. Along with differences in the items assessing psychological abuse across the three data sets, the German data only measured psychological violence for current partners, thus excluding all of the women not in partnerships at the time of the survey. For these reasons, psychological abuse was excluded from the definition of IPV exposure in the analysis.

  11. 11.

    Which was equal to approximately €1376 in 2003 (European Central Bank 2014).

  12. 12.

    The necessity of accounting for different levels of IPV exposure in the imputation models (due to its role as a moderator) created difficulties with imputing missing values for IPV-related variables. Thus, missing values for IPV-related variables were not imputed.

  13. 13.

    The over-dispersion, however, was not caused by an excess of zeros in the count of mental health complaints. If it would have been, then a zero-inflated model would have been more appropriate.

  14. 14.

    Based on the results of the bivariate analyses (see Chap. 6), it was determined to eliminate personal income from the regression models and retain household income. Therefore, it is not included in the following explanations.

  15. 15.

    Ideally, when examining multiple moderating effects, all interactions should be added to the model at the same time and an omnibus F test should be used test the overall variance explained (Cohen et al. 2003; Frazier et al. 2004). This step was conducted for all regression models predicting health outcomes in all three data sets, but the omnibus tests were not significant. Therefore, it was decided to also test the interaction terms in separate models.

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    Mandi M. Larsen

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Larsen, M. (2016). Research Design and Methods. In: Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. Social Disparities in Health and Health Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29565-7_5

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