Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Social Disparities in Health and Health Care ((SDHHC))

  • 428 Accesses

Abstract

This book sets out to address the issue of health inequities experienced by IPV survivors and identify areas where social policy may be able to intervene. This involved investigating at the individual level: to what extent social position impacts IPV exposure; and to what extent women with IPV exposure are more vulnerable to social position’s impact on health. Whether the poorer health outcomes of IPV survivors are structurally produced through social policy was also examined. In particular, whether social position’s impact on IPV exposure is reflective of family policies supporting women in establishing independent households and whether the vulnerabilities to social position’s impact on health among IPV survivors are reflective of national health policies affecting access to care. This final chapter begins with a discussion of the main findings related to each of the research questions and their theoretical implications. This is followed by a brief look at the general limitations, as well as some suggestions for future research. Based on the conceptual framework, implications for welfare policy are also discussed, before closing with some final thoughts regarding the health inequities of IPV survivors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For detailed descriptions of the hypotheses, please refer to Chaps. 7, 8, and 9.

  2. 2.

    It is acknowledged, of course, that in addition to financial costs there are a great number of barriers preventing IPV survivors from accessing the health care they need in the US (e.g., fear of judgment, issues of confidentiality, and conflicts with transportation or scheduling). However, given the prevalence of barriers associated with cost (Postmus et al. 2009; Wilson et al. 2007), this is the primary focus of the research presented in this book.

  3. 3.

    A recent exception to this is the US’s National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey which began in 2010 as an annual survey conducted by the CDC, NIJ, and Department of Defense (Black et al. 2011). However, the data were not publically available when analysis for this book began.

  4. 4.

    Hegemonic masculinity is a sociological understanding of the social norms men need to adhere to in order to be legitimized as men (Connell 1995).

References

  • Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: CDC

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandwein, R. A. (1999). Family violence, women and welfare. In R. A. Brandwein (Ed.), Battered women, children, and welfare reform: The ties that bind (pp. 3–16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brzank, P., & Blättner, B. (2010). Screening nach Gewalt gegen Frauen durch den Partner [Screening for violence against women by a partner]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 53(2), 221–232. doi:10.1007/s00103-009-1018-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budig, M. J., Misra, J., & Boeckmann, I. (2012). The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 19(2), 163–193. doi:10.1093/sp/jxs006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, K. (2004). Welfare as we [don’t] know it: A review and feminist critique of welfare reform research in the United States. Feminist Economics, 10(2), 143–171. doi:10.1080/1354570042000217757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L., Ford-Gilboe, M., & Hammerton, J. (2009). Gender inequality and patterns of abuse post leaving. Journal of Family Violence, 24(1), 27–39. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9204-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights [FRA]. (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. Luxembourg. http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results_en.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2014.

  • Eydal, G. B., & Rostgaard, T. (2011). Gender equality revisited—Changes in Nordic childcare policies in the 2000s. Social Policy and Administration, 45(2), 161–179. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2010.00762.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedberg, P. (2006). Health care barriers and same-sex intimate partner violence: A review of the literature. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 2(1), 15–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlinger, T. (2010). Health care reform in Germany. German Policy Studies, 6(1), 107–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer, S., Hemström, O., Peter, R., & Vågerö, D. (2006). Education, income, and occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology. Empirical evidence against a common practice. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(9), 804–810. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.041319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. L., & Brownell, P. (2007). Poverty, women, welfare, work, and domestic violence. In Battered women and their families: Intervention strategies and treatment programs (3rd ed., pp. 423–450). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, S. A., & Postmus, J. L. (2014). Economic empowerment of impoverished IPV survivors: A review of best practice literature and implications for policy. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 15(2), 79–93. doi:10.1177/1524838013511541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, H.-T., Jürgens, O., Strand, A. H. H., & Voges, W. (2006). Poverty among households with children: A comparative study of Norway and Germany. International Journal of Social Welfare, 15(4), 269–279. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00469.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heise, L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, B. (1990). No exit, no voice: Women’s economic dependency and the welfare state. Acta Sociologica, 33(3), 235–250. doi:10.1177/000169939003300305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, S., & Ball, M. J. (2008). Male same-sex intimate partner violence: A descriptive review and call for further research. Murdoch e-Law Review, 15(1), 134–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamerman, S. B., & Kahn, A. J. (2001). Child and family policies in the United States at the opening of the twenty-first century. Social Policy and Administration, 35(1), 69–84. doi:10.1111/1467-9515.00220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasza, G. J. (2002). The illusion of welfare “regimes”. Journal of Social Policy, 31(02), 271–287. doi:10.1017/S0047279401006584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, Y., & Cook, K. J. (2010). A cross-national analysis of physical intimate partner violence against women. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 51(6), 423–444. doi:10.1177/0020715210386155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leitner, S. (2011). Germany outpaces Austria in childcare policy: The historical contingencies of “conservative” childcare policy. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(5), 456–467. doi:10.1177/0958928710380482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCaw, B., & Kotz, K. (2009). Developing a health system response to intimate partner violence. In C. Mitchell & D. Anglin (Eds.), Intimate partner violence: A health-based perspective (pp. 419–428). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliffe, J. L., Han, C., Maria, E. S., Lohan, M., Howard, T., Stewart, D. E., et al. (2014). Gay men and intimate partner violence: A gender analysis. Sociology of Health and Illness, 36(4), 564–579. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12099

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, G. M. (2007). Toward global welfare state convergence? Family policy and health care in Sweden, Canada and the United States. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 34(2), 143–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orloff, A. (1993). Gender and the social rights of citizenship: The comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states. American Sociological Review, 58(3), 303–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostner, I. (2010). Farewell to the family as we know it: Family policy change in Germany. German Policy Studies, 6(1), 211–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J. W. (1981). The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care, 19, 127–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, T. (2006). Domestic violence in the United States and Sweden: A welfare state typology comparison within a power resources framework. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29, 96–107. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2005.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plichta, S. B. (2004). Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences: Policy and practice implications. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(11), 1296–1323. doi:10.1177/0886260504269685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Postmus, J. L., Severson, M., Berry, M., & Yoo, J. A. (2009). Women’s experiences of violence and seeking help. Violence Against Women, 15, 852–868. doi: 10.1177/1077801209334445

    Google Scholar 

  • Purvin, D. M. (2007). At the crossroads and in the crosshairs: Social welfare policy and low-income women’s vulnerability to domestic violence. Social Problems, 54(2), 188–210. doi:10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, R. (2008). A detailed look at parental leave policies in 21 OECD countries. Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renzetti, C. (1992). Violent betrayal: Partner abuse in lesbian relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, T., Rosenau, P., Unruh, L. Y., & Barnes, A. J. (2013). United States of America: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 15(3), 1–431. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröttle, M., Martinez, M., Condon, S., Jaspard, M., Piispa, M., & Westerstrand, J., et al. (2006). Comparative reanalysis of prevalence of violence against women and health impact data in Europe—Obstacles and possible solutions. Testing a comparative approach on selected studies. http://www.cahrv.uni-osnabrueck.de/reddot/D_20_Comparative_reanalysis_of_prevalence_of_violence_pub.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2010.

  • Scott, E. K., London, A. S., & Myers, N. A. (2002). Dangerous dependencies. Gender and Society, 16, 878–897. doi:10.1177/089124302237893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St Pierre, M., & Senn, C. Y. (2010). External barriers to help-seeking encountered by Canadian gay and lesbian victims of intimate partner abuse: An application of the barriers model. Violence and Victims, 25(4), 536–552. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strand, A. H. H. (2012). The welfare state matters: On the economic consequences of partnership dissolution in Norway and Britain. Bergen: University of Bergen. https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/6174/Dr.thesis_Anne Hege Henden Strand.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed April 11, 2014.

  • Szikra, D., & Szelewa, D. (2010). Do Central and Eastern European countries fit the “Western” picture? The example of family policies in Hungary and Poland. In C. Klenner & S. Leiber (Eds.), Welfare states and gender inequality in Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 81–116). Brussels: ETUI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, M. P. (2014). Linking community protective factors to intimate partner violence perpetration. Violence Against Women, 20(11), 1338–1359. doi:10.1177/1077801214552854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, M. (2000). The concepts and principles of equity and health. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2005). WHO multi-country study on womens health and domestic violence against women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and womens responses. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K. S., Silberberg, M. R., Brown, A. J., & Yaggy, S. D. (2007). Health needs and barriers to healthcare of women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Journal of Women’s Health, 16, 1485–1498. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0385

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mandi M. Larsen .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Larsen, M.M. (2016). Conclusion. In: Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. Social Disparities in Health and Health Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29565-7_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29565-7_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29563-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29565-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics