Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Digital Make-Believe pp 101–124Cite as

Make-Believe in Gameful and Playful Design

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Human–Computer Interaction Series ((HCIS))

Abstract

Gameful and playful design aspire to make existing activities and systems more engaging by infusing them with the engaging qualities of games and toys. One such quality is make-believe, the constitution of fictional “as ifs”. While frequently evoked, actual work on make-believe in gameful and playful design has remained quite scarce and scattered. This chapter therefore draws on neighbouring fields to break out five major design aspects of make-believe: theming; storification; scripting, ruling, and framing; role-play; and their integration in unified experiences. For each, the chapter presents explanatory theories; psychological and behavioural effects; design elements and strategies used to evoke said effects; and existing empirical studies. The chapter closes in summarizing how and why playful make-believe design differs from current gamification in form (often artistic one-offs) and technology (often audio); and what limitations future research should try to overcome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Ludus and paidia do not map onto games vs. play understood as objects vs. activities/modes. Rather, they characterize particular styles of play activity/engagement, which are afforded more or less well by particular genres of games (see Barr 2007, also for empirical evidence regarding Caillois’ conceptual distinction). They do roughly map on the psychological distinction of pretend and role vs. rule play (Pellegrini 2009). This is reflected in the following by talking of playing (= paidic play) and gaming (= ludic play).

References

  • Aarseth E (2012) A narrative theory of games. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games – FDG’12. ACM Press, New York, pp 129–133. doi:10.1145/2282338.2282365

  • Abbott HP (2014) Narrativity. In: Hühn P, Meister JC, Pier J, Schmid W (eds) The living handbook of narratology. Hamburg University, Hamburg. Retrieved from http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/narrativity

    Google Scholar 

  • Akkerman S, Admiraal W, Huizenga J (2009) Storification in history education: a mobile game in and about medieval Amsterdam. Comput Educ 52(2):449–459. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachen CM, Hernández-Ramos PF, Raphael C (2012) Simulating REAL LIVES: promoting global empathy and interest in learning through simulation games. Simul Gaming 43(4):437–460. doi:10.1177/1046878111432108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballagas R, Kuntze A, Walz SP (2008) Gaming tourism: lessons from evaluating REXplorer, a pervasive game for tourists. In: Indulska J (ed) Pervasive 2008. Springer, Berlin, pp 244–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Bareis A (2014) Fiktionen als make-believe. In: Klauk T, Köppe T (eds) Fiktionalität. Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 50–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr P (2007) Video game values: play as human-computer interaction. Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://pippinbarr.com/videogamevalues/?page_id=7

  • Bateman C (2011) Imaginary games. Zero Books, Winchester

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman C (2015) Fiction denial and the liberation of games. In: DiGRA 2015 Ab extra. DiGRA, Lüneburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Benford S, Giannachi G (2011) Performing mixed reality. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger PL, Luckmann T (1967) The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Penguin, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Birk MV, Mandryk RL, Bowey J, Buttlar B (2015) The effects of adding premise and backstory to psychological tasks. In: CHI 2015 workshop on researching gamification: strategies, opportunities, challenges, ethics, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleecker J, Lizzi D (2008) Drift deck. Near future laboratory. Retrieved from http://blog.nearfuturelaboratory.com/2008/09/02/drift-deck/

  • Blythe MA, Overbeeke K, Monk AF, Wright PC (eds) (2004) Funology: from usability to enjoyment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner J (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt GM (2005) The genesis of animal play: testing the limits. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Caillois R (2001) Man, play, and games. University of Illinois Press, Urbana

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnes MC (2014) Minds on fire: how role-immersion games transform college. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter JM, Green MC (2012) Flying with Icarus: narrative transportation and the persuasiveness of entertainment. In: Shrum LJ (ed) Psychology of entertainment media, 2nd edn. Routledge, Florence, pp 169–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JM (1982) The adventure of getting to know a computer. Computer 15(11):49–58. doi:10.1109/MC.1982.1653888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JM, Thomas JC (1982) Metaphor and the cognitive representation of computing systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 12(2):107–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JM, Thomas JC (1988) Fun. ACM SIGCHI Bull 19(3):21–24. doi:10.1145/49108.1045604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z-H, Liao CCY, Cheng HNH, Yeh CYC, Chan T-W (2012) Influence of game quests on pupils’ enjoyment and goal-pursuing in math learning. J Educ Technol Soc 15(2):317–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Child L, Grenier E, Speakman D, Anderson S, Stevens T (2010) Our broken voice. Retrieved from http://wearecircumstance.com/project/our-broken-voice/

  • Cohn D (1990) Signposts of fictionality: a narratological perspective. Poet Today 11(4):775–804. doi:10.2307/1773077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi M (1975) Beyond boredom and anxiety: the experience of play in work and games. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies R (2009) Playful. In: This is playful 2009. London. Retrieved from http://russelldavies.typepad.com/planning/2009/11/playful.html

  • Deci EL, Ryan RM (2012) Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: an overview of self-determination theory. In: Ryan RM (ed) The oxford handbook of human motivation. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 85–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Deterding S (2009) Fiction as play: reassessing the relation of games, play, and fiction. In: Sageng JR (ed) Philosophy of computer games 2009. University of Oslo, Oslo, pp 1–18. Retrieved from http://proceedings2009.gamephilosophy.org

    Google Scholar 

  • Deterding S (2011) Situated motivational affordances of game elements: a conceptual model. In: CHI 2011 workshop “Gamification.” Vancouver. Retrieved from http://gamification-research.org/chi2011/papers

  • Deterding S (2014) Modes of play: a frame analytic account of video game play. Hamburg University. Retrieved from http://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2014/6863/

  • Deterding S (2015a) The lens of intrinsic skill atoms: a method for gameful design. Hum Comput Interact 30(3–4):294–335. doi:10.1080/07370024.2014.993471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deterding S (2015b) The ambiguity of games: histories, and discourses of a gameful world. In: Walz SP, Deterding S (eds) The gameful world: approaches, issues, applications. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 23–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Deterding S, Zagal JP (eds) (forthcoming) Role-playing game studies transmedia foundations. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Deterding S, Dixon D, Khaled R, Nacke LE (2011) From game design elements to gamefulness: defining “Gamification.” In: MindTrek’11. ACM Press, New York, pp 9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickey MD (2006) Game design narrative for learning: appropriating adventure game design narrative devices and techniques for the design of interactive learning environments. Educ Technol Res Dev 54(3):245–263. doi:10.1007/s11423-006-8806-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickey MD (2011) Murder on Grimm Isle: the impact of game narrative design in an educational game-based learning environment. Br J Educ Technol 42(3):456–469. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01032.x

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Disselkoen D (2015) Man-eater: An intervention in the tram. Retrieved from http://danieldisselkoen.nl/man-eater/

  • Dormann C, Whitson JR, Neuvians M (2013) Once more with feeling: game design patterns for learning in the affective domain. Games Cult 8(4):215–237. doi:10.1177/1555412013496892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dow S, Lee J, Oezbek C, Macintyre B, Bolter JD, Gandy M (2005) Exploring spatial narratives and mixed reality experiences in Oakland cemetery. In: ACE’05. ACM Press, New York, pp 51–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Downes-Le Guin T, Baker R, Mechling J, Ruylea E (2012) Myths and realities of respondent engagement in online surveys. Int J Mark Res 54(5):1–21. doi:10.2501/IJMR-54-5-000-000

    Google Scholar 

  • Eklund K, McGonigal J, Bracewell M, Cook D, Senderhauf M, Lamb M (2007) World without oil. Retrieved from http://worldwithoutoil.org/metaabout.htm

  • Fagerholt E, Lorentzon M (2009) Beyond the HUD. User interfaces for increased player immersion in FPS games. Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernaeus Y, Höök K, Holopainen J, Ivarsson K, Karlsson A, Lindley S, Norlin C (eds) (2012) Plei-Plei! PPP, Hongkong. Retrieved from http://playfulness.info

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillmore CJ, Baker C (2009) A frames approach to semantic analysis. In: Heine B, Narrog H (eds) The oxford handbook of linguistic analysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 313–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan M (2009) Critical play: radical game design. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan M (2010) Creating critical play. In: Catlow R, Garrettm M, Morgana C (eds) Artists re: thinking games. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp 49–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatla DR, Gutwin C, Nacke LE, Bateman S, Mandryk RL (2011) Calibration games: making calibration tasks enjoyable by adding motivating game elements. In: UIST’11. ACM Press, Santa Barbara, pp 403–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Frasca G (2003) Ludologists love stories, too: notes from a debate that never took place. In: Copier M, Raessens J (eds) DiGRA 2003. Utrecht University, Utrecht, pp 92–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Fron J, Fullerton T, Morie JF, Pearce C (2007) Playing dress-up: costumes, roleplay and imagination. In: Philosophy of computer games 2007. Modena

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee J-P (2003) What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman E (1986) Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. Northeastern University Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottdiener M (2001) The theming of America: dreams, media fantasies, and themed environments, 2nd edn. Westview Press, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray D, Brown S, Macanufo J (2010) Gamestorming: a playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers. O’Reilly, Sebastopol

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove SJ, Fisk RP (1992) The service experience as theater. In: Sherry JF, Sternthal B (eds) Advances in consumer research, vol. 19. Association for Consumer Research, Provo, pp. 455–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Habgood MPJ, Ainsworth SE (2011) Motivating children to learn effectively: exploring the value of intrinsic integration in educational games. Journal of the Learning Sciences 20(2):169–206. doi:10.1080/10508406.2010.508029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halan S, Rossen B, Cendan J, Lok B (2010) High score! – motivation strategies for user participation in virtual human development. In: Allbeck J (ed) IVA 2010. Springer, Berlin, pp 482–488. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_52

    Google Scholar 

  • Halter E (2006) From Sun Tzu to Xbox: war and videogames. Thunder’s Mouth Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamari J, Koivisto J, Sarsa H (2014) Does gamification work? – A literature review of empirical studies on gamification. In: HICSS’14. IEEE Computer Society Press, Waikoloa, pp 3025–3034

    Google Scholar 

  • Harviainen JT, Simkins D, Stenros J, MacCallum-Stewart E, Hitchens D (forthcoming) Live-action role-playing games. In: Deterding S, Zagal JP (eds) Role-playing game studies: transmedia foundations. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Henricks TS (2015) Play and the human condition. University of Illinois Press, Champaign

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocking C (2007) Ludonarrative dissonance in bioshock: the problem of what the game is about. Click Nothing. Retrieved from http://clicknothing.typepad.com/click_nothing/2007/10/ludonarrative-d.html

  • Huizinga J (1949) Homo ludens: a study of the play-element in culture. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Huotari K, Hamari J (2012) Defining gamification – a service marketing perspective. In: Proceedings of the 16th international academic Mindtrek conference. ACM Press, Tampere, pp 17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Imaz M, Benyon D (2007) Designing with blends: conceptual foundations of human-computer interaction and software engineering. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Inzlicht M (2011) Stereotype threat: theory, process, and application. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins H (2004) Game design as narrative architecture. In: Wardrip-Fruin N, Harrigan P (eds) First person: new media as story, performance, and game. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 118–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins H (2006) Convergence culture: where old and new media collide. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan PW (2002) Designing pleasurable products. An introduction to the new human factors. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Juul J (2005) Half-real: video games between real rules and fictional worlds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato PM, Cole SW, Bradlyn AS, Pollock BH (2008) A video game improves behavioral outcomes in adolescents and young adults with cancer: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 122(2):e305–e317. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim AJ (2011) Smart gamification. Slideshare.net. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/amyjokim/smart-gamification

  • Koivisto J, Hamari J (2014) Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification. Comput Hum Behav 35:179–188. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korhonen H, Montola M, Arrasvuori J (2009) Understanding playful user experiences through digital games. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces, DPPI 2009. Université de Technologie de Compiègne, pp 274–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Krentz A (1998) Play and education in Plato’s republic. In: Olson AM (ed) Twentieth world congress of philosophy. Boston. Retrieved from https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Educ/EducKren.htm

  • Lamarque P, Olsen SH (1994) Truth, fiction, and literature: a philosophical perspective. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer R, Hancock M, West AH, Randall N (2013) Applications as stories. CHI 2013 workshop on gamification – designing gamification: creating gameful and playful experiences

    Google Scholar 

  • Laran J, Janiszewski C (2011) Work or fun? How task construal and completion influence regulatory behavior. J Consum Res 37(6):967–983. doi:10.1086/656576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman DA (2006) What can we learn from playing interactive games? In: Vorderer P, Bryant J (eds) Playing video games: motives, responses, and consequences. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 379–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberoth A (2015) Shallow gamification: testing psychological effects of framing an activity as a game. Games Cult 10(3):229–248. doi:10.1177/1555412014559978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lillard AS (2014) The development of play. In: Liben L, Mueller U (eds) Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, vol 2. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, pp 1–44. doi:10.2307/1131255

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillard A, Pinkham AM, Smith E (2011) Pretend play and cognitive development. In: Goswami U (ed) The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 285–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Linderoth J (2012) The effort of being in a fictional world: upkeyings and laminated frames in MMORPGs. Symb Interact 35(4):474–492. doi:10.1002/SYMB.39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littleton K, Ashman H, Light P, Artis J, Roberts T, Oosterwegel A (1999) Gender, task contexts, and children’s performance on a computer-based task. Eur J Psychol Educ 14(1):129–139. doi:10.1007/BF03173115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas SA (2013) The immersive worlds handbook: designing theme parks and consumer spaces. Focal Press, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone T (1982) Heuristics for designing enjoyable user interfaces: lessons from computer games. In: Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, New York, pp 63–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäyrä F, Kultima A, Alha K, Tyni H (2013) Slide to work: the playful office. In: Physical and digital in games and play seminar: 9th Game Research Lab Spring Seminar. Tampere

    Google Scholar 

  • McGonigal J (2011) Reality is broken: why games make us better and how they can change the world. Penguin, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollick E, Rothbard N (2014) Mandatory fun: consent, gamification and the impact of games at work. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2277103

  • Montola M, Stenros J, Waern A (2009) Pervasive games: theory and design. Experiences on the boundary between life and play. Morgan Kaufmann, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Murmann M, Avraamidou L (2014a) Narrative as a learning tool in science centers: potentials, possibilities and merits. J Sci Commun 13(02):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Murmann M, Avraamidou L (2014b) Animals, emperors, senses: exploring a story-based learning design in a museum setting. Int J Sci Educ B Commun Publ Engagement 4(1):66–91. doi:10.1080/21548455.2012.694490

    Google Scholar 

  • Paharia R (2013) Loyalty 3.0: how to revolutionize customer and employee engagement with big data and gamification. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulus T, Horvitz B, Shi M (2006) ‘Isn’t it just like our situation?’ Engagement and learning in an online story-based environment. Educ Technol Res Dev 54(4):355–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini AD (2009) The role of play in human development. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pine BJ, Gilmore JH (2011) The experience economy, updated edition, 2nd edn. Harvard Business Review Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestopnik NR, Tang J (2015) Points, stories, worlds, and diegesis: comparing player experiences in two citizen science games. Comput Hum Behav 52:492–506. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Przybylski AK, Weinstein N, Murayama K, Lynch MF, Ryan RM (2012) The ideal self at play: the appeal of video games that let you be all you can be. Psychol Sci 23(1):69–76. doi:10.1177/0956797611418676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves B, Nass C (1996) The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves B, Read JL (2009) Total engagement: using games and virtual worlds to change the way people work and businesses compete. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritzer G (2009) Enchanting in a disenchanted world: continuity and change in the cathedrals of consumption, 3rd edn. Sage, Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucinska Z (2014) Pretend play as a basis of cultural games and norms. In: Enacting culture: embodiment, interaction and the development of human culture. Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan M-L (2008) Fiction. In: Donsbach W (ed) The international encyclopedia of communication. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan M-L (2014) Space. In: Hühn P, Meister JC, Pier J, Schmid W (eds) The living handbook of narratology. University of Hamburg, Hamburg. Retrieved from http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/space

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto M, Nakajima T (2014) Gamifying intelligent daily environments through introducing fictionality. Int J Hybrid Inf Technol 7(4):259–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salen K, Zimmerman E (2004) Rules of play: game design fundamentals. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Schier K (forthcoming) Education. In: Deterding S, Zagal J-P (eds) Role-playing game studies: transmedia foundations. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seaborn K, Fels DI (2015) Gamification in theory and action: a survey. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 74(2):14–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle JR (1975) The logical status of fictional discourse. N Lit Hist 6(2):319–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle J (1995) The construction of social reality. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon L (2011) The multiplayer classroom: designing coursework as a game. Cengage Learning, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvia PJ (2006) Exploring the psychology of interest. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Six to Start, Alderman N (2015) Zombies, run! Six to Start, London. Retrieved from https://zombiesrungame.com

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire K (2011) Video games and learning: teaching and participatory culture in the digital age. Teachers College Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenros J (2015) Behind games: playful mindset as basis for ludic transformative practice. In: Walz SP, Deterding S (eds) The gameful world: approaches, issues, applications. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 201–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenros J (forthcoming) The game definition game: a review of the meanings of “Game.” Games and culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchman L (2007) Human-machine reconfigurations: plans and situated actions, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton-Smith B (1997) The ambiguity of play. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis R (2011) Practomimetic learning in the classics classroom: a game-based learning method from ancient epic and philosophy. N Engl Class J 38(1):25–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkay S, Adinolf S (2015) The effects of customization on motivation in an extended study with a massively multiplayer online roleplaying game. Cyberpsychol: J Psychosoc Res Cyberspace 9(3). doi:10.5817/CP2015-3-2

  • Turkle S (1995) Life on the screen: identity in the age of the internet. Simon & Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter A (2011) Designing for emotion. A Book Apart, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton KL (1990) Mimesis as make-believe: on the foundations of the representational arts. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Warfield Rawls A (2009) An essay on two conceptions of social order: constitutive orders of action, objects and identities vs aggregated orders of individual action. J Class Sociol 9(4):500–520. doi:10.1177/1468795X09344376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster J, Martocchio JJ (1993) Turning work into play: implications for microcomputer software training. J Manag 19(1):127–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Werbach K, Hunter D (2012) For the win: how game thinking can revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Yee N, Bailenson J (2007) The proteus effect: the effect of transformed self-representation on behavior. Hum Commun Res 33(3):271–290. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zichermann G, Cunningham C (2011) Gamification by design: implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps. O’Reilly, Sebastopol

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipfel F (2001) Fiktion, Fiktivität, Fiktionalität. Analysen zur Fiktion in der Literatur und zum Fiktionsbegriff in der Literaturwissenschaft. Erich Schmidt, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Digital Creativity Hub, University of York, York, UK

    Sebastian Deterding

Authors
  1. Sebastian Deterding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sebastian Deterding .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Phil Turner

  2. Management and Organization, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland

    J. Tuomas Harviainen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Deterding, S. (2016). Make-Believe in Gameful and Playful Design. In: Turner, P., Harviainen, J. (eds) Digital Make-Believe. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29553-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29553-4_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29551-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29553-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation