Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Controlled Donation After Cardiac Death in Pediatrics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ethical Issues in Pediatric Organ Transplantation

Part of the book series: International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine ((LIME,volume 66))

  • 608 Accesses

Abstract

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is a relatively new topic in pediatric ethics. This chapter explores the ethical dimensions of controlled DCD, first examining the distinction between donation following brain death and donation following controlled circulatory death. While uncontrolled donation following circulatory death increases, a detailed consideration of the unique issues in that setting is beyond the scope of this chapter. We describe the background of and challenges to the dead donor rule, including debate over whether it comprises the appropriate ethical or legal basis for organ donation. With respect to donation in pediatrics, we examine the DCD process from the standpoint of multiple stakeholders, including parents/family members, clinicians, and organ procurement organizations. Finally, we explore the role of national and organizational regulations and guidelines in systematically addressing ethical issues with DCD practices. This discussion gives special attention to parental involvement and consent. Lastly, we consider the role for DCD protocols as additional mechanisms to manage the many ethical issues that arise with pediatric DCD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Detry O, Le Dinh H, Noterdaeme T, De Roover A, Honore P, Squifflet JP, et al. Categories of donation after cardiocirculatory death. Transpl Proc. 2012;44(5):1189–95 Epub 2012/06/06.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Merion RM, Pelletier SJ, Goodrich N, Englesbe MJ, Delmonico FL. Donation after cardiac death as a strategy to increase deceased donor liver availability. Ann Surg. 2006;244(4):555–62.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Reich DJ, Munoz SJ, Rothstein KD, Nathan HM, Edwards JM, Hasz RD, et al. Controlled non-heart-beating donor liver transplantation: a successful single center experience, with topic update. Transplantation. 2000;70(8):1159–66 Epub 2000/11/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Neyrinck A, Van Raemdonck D, Monbaliu D. Donation after circulatory death: current status. Current Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26(3):382–90 Epub 2013/05/02.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper JT, Chin LT, Krieger NR, Fernandez LA, Foley DP, Becker YT, et al. Donation after cardiac death: the university of wisconsin experience with renal transplantation. Am J Transplant: Official J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2004;4(9):1490–4 Epub 2004/08/17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. D’Alessandro AM, Fernandez LA, Chin LT, Shames BD, Turgeon NA, Scott DL, et al. Donation after cardiac death: the University of Wisconsin experience. Ann Transplant: Q Polish Transplant Soc. 2004;9(1):68–71 Epub 2004/10/14.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Yoo PS, Olthoff KM, Abt PL. Donation after cardiac death in pediatric organ transplantation. Current opin Organ Transplant. 2011;16(5):483–8 Epub 2011/08/23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kolovos NS, Webster P, Bratton SL. Donation after cardiac death in pediatric critical care. Pediatric Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2007;8(1):47–9 Epub 2007/01/26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Pleacher KM, Roach ES, Van der Werf W, Antommaria AH, Bratton SL. Impact of a pediatric donation after cardiac death program. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2009;10(2):166–70 Epub 2009/02/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Naim MY, Hoehn KS, Hasz RD, White LS, Helfaer MA, Nelson RM. The children’s hospital of Philadelphia’s experience with donation after cardiac death. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1729–33 Epub 2008/06/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Labrecque M, Parad R, Gupta M, Hansen A. Donation after cardiac death: the potential contribution of an infant organ donor population. J Pediatr. 2011;158(1):31–6 Epub 2010/08/25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mathur M, Castleberry D, Job L. Identifying potential heart donors among newborns undergoing circulatory determination of death. J Heart Lung Transplant: Official Publ Int Soc Heart Transplant. 2011;30(4):389–94 Epub 2010/12/28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Potts M, Byrne PA, Evans DW. Infant heart transplantation after cardiac death: ethical and legal problems. J Clin Ethics. 2010;21(3):224–8 Epub 2010/11/26.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ross LF, Frader J. Are we ready to expand donation after cardiac death to the newborn population? J Pediatr. 2011;158(1):6–8 Epub 2010/09/28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Boucek MM, Mashburn C, Dunn SM, Frizell R, Edwards L, Pietra B, et al. Pediatric heart transplantation after declaration of cardiocirculatory death. New Engl J Med. 2008;359(7):709–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mazor R, Baden HP. Trends in pediatric organ donation after cardiac death. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e960–6 Epub 2007/10/03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kim HB, Lillehei CW. Organ donation for children: the road ahead. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e1946–7 Epub 2013/05/22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Blackstock MJ, Ray DC. Organ donation after circulatory death: an update. Eur J Emerg Med: Official J Eur Soc Emerg Med. 2013. Epub 2013/11/13.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Geraci PM, Sepe V. Non-heart-beating organ donation in Italy. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011;77(6):613–23 Epub 2011/05/28.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hardart G. Pediatric organ donation after cardiac death–still in its infancy. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1956–7 Epub 2008/06/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Curley MA, Harrison CH, Craig N, Lillehei CW, Micheli A, Laussen PC. Pediatric staff perspectives on organ donation after cardiac death in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2007;8(3):212–9 Epub 2007/04/10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Frader JE. Deconstructing donation after cardiac death. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2007;8(1):76–7 Epub 2007/01/26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Robertson JA. The dead donor rule. Hastings Center Rep. 1999;29(6):6–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. PsCftSoEPiMaBaB Research. Defining death: medical, legal, and ethical issues in the determination of death. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shemie SD. Clarifying the paradigm for the ethics of donation and transplantation: was ‘dead’ really so clear before organ donation? Philos Ethics Humanit Med: PEHM. 2007;2:18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Shemie SD, Baker AJ, Knoll G, Wall W, Rocker G, Howes D, et al. National recommendations for donation after cardiocirculatory death in Canada: donation after cardiocirculatory death in Canada. CMAJ: Can Med Assoc J=journal de l’Association medicale canadienne. 2006;175(8):S1.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bernat JL. Life or death for the dead-donor rule? New Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1289–91 Epub 2013/10/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Miller FG, Truog RD, Brock DW. The dead donor rule: can it withstand critical scrutiny? J Med Philos. 2010;35(3):299–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Birch SC. The dead donor rule: a defense. J Med Philos. 2013;38(4):426–40 Epub 2013/07/17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Rodriguez-Arias D, Smith MJ, Lazar NM. Donation after circulatory death: burying the dead donor rule. Am J Bioeth: AJOB. 2011;11(8):36–43 Epub 2011/08/03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Shah SMF. Can we handle the truth? Legal fictions in the determination of death. Am J Law Med: Copyright (c) 2010 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Inc., and Boston University Am J Law amp; Med; 2010. p. 540–85.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sade RM. Brain death, cardiac death, and the dead donor rule. JSC Med Assoc. 2011;107(4):146–9 Epub 2011/11/08.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fanelli V, Geraci PM, Mascia L. Donation after cardiac death: is a “paradigm shift” feasible in Italy? Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(5):534–40 Epub 2013/03/02.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Joffe AR. The ethics of donation and transplantation: are definitions of death being distorted for organ transplantation? Philos Ethics Humanit Med: PEHM. 2007;2:28 Epub 2007/11/27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Duff JP, Joffe AR, Sevcik W, deCaen A. Autoresuscitation after pediatric cardiac arrest: is hyperventilation a cause? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(3):208–9 Epub 2011/03/08.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Veatch RM. Transplanting hearts after death measured by cardiac criteria: the challenge to the dead donor rule. J Med Philos. 2010;35(3):313–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bernat JL. How the distinction between “irreversible” and “permanent” illuminates circulatory-respiratory death determination. J Med Philos. 2010;35(3):242–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Harrington MM. The thin flat line: redefining who is legally dead in organ donation after cardiac death. Issues Law Med. 2009;25(2):95–143 Epub 2010/01/28.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Miller FG, Truog RD. Rethinking the ethics of vital organ donations. Hastings Center Rep. 2008;38(6):38–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. McGregor J, Verheijde JL, Rady MY. Do donation after cardiac death protocols violate criminal homicide statutes? Med Law. 2008;27(2):241–57 Epub 2008/08/13.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Truog RD, Miller FG, Halpern SD. The dead-donor rule and the future of organ donation. New Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1287–9 Epub 2013/10/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Issues PsCftSoB. Controversies in the determination of death: a white paper by the president’s council on bioethics 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Committee on Bioethics AAoP. Ethical controversies in organ donation after circulatory death. Pediatrics. 2013;131:1021–6. Epub April 29, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Daar AS. Non-heart-beating donation: ten evidence-based ethical recommendations. Transpl Proc. 2004;36(7):1885–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Rabinstein AA, Yee AH, Mandrekar J, Fugate JE, de Groot YJ, Kompanje EJ, et al. Prediction of potential for organ donation after cardiac death in patients in neurocritical state: a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(5):414–9 Epub 2012/04/13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Halpern SD. Donation after circulatory determination of death: time for transparency. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(4):401–3 Epub 2013/11/12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Chaten FC. The dead donor rule: effect on the virtuous practice of medicine. J Med Ethics. 2013. Epub 2013/06/14.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ledoux D, Delbouille MH, Deroover A, Lambermont B, Meurisse M, Damas P, et al. Does comfort therapy during controlled donation after circulatory death shorten the life of potential donors? Clin Transplant. 2014;28(1):47–51 Epub 2013/11/23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Rady MY, Verheijde JL, McGregor J. Organ donation after circulatory death: the forgotten donor? Crit Care. 2006;10(5):166. Epub 2006/10/06.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bastami S, Krones T, Biller-Andorno N. Whose consent matters? Controlled donation after cardiac death and premortem organ-preserving measures. Transplantation. 2012;93(10):965–9 Epub 2012/05/12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Organizacion Nacional de Trasplantes. Donacion en asistolia en Espana: Situacion Actual Y Recomendaciones. 2012. Available from: http://www.ont.es/infesp/DocumentosDeConsenso/DONACI%C3%93N%20EN%20ASISTOLIA%20EN%20ESPA%C3%91A.%20SITUACI%C3%93N%20ACTUAL%20Y%20RECOMENDACIONES.pdf.

  52. Ortega-Deballon I, Vailhen DR, Smith MJ. Uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death protocols: ethical challenges and suggestions for improvement. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;61(2):255–6 Epub 2013/01/22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Simon JR, Schears RM, Padela AI. Donation after cardiac death and the emergency department: ethical issues. Acad Emerg Med: Official J Soc Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(1):79–86 Epub 2014/02/21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Snoeijs MG, Wind T, van Heurn E. Protocols for uncontrolled donation after circulatory death. Lancet. 2012;380(9846):974–5; author reply 5. Epub 2012/09/18.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Potts M. Truthfulness in transplantation: non-heart-beating organ donation. Philos Ethics Humanit Med: PEHM. 2007;2:17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Carcillo JA, Orr R, Bell M, Joffe A, Maffei FA, Sullivan J, et al. A call for full public disclosure and moratorium on donation after cardiac death in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2010;11(5):641–3; author reply 3–5. Epub 2010/09/09.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Joffe AR, Carcillo J, Anton N, deCaen A, Han YY, Bell MJ, et al. Donation after cardiocirculatory death: a call for a moratorium pending full public disclosure and fully informed consent. Philos Ethics Humanit Med: PEHM. 2011;6:17 Epub 2011/12/31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Walker JA, McGrath PJ, MacDonald NE, Wells G, Petrusic W, Nolan BE. Parental attitudes toward pediatric organ donation: a survey. CMAJ: Can Med Assoc J = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne. 1990;142(12):1383–7. Epub 1990/06/15.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Walker W, Broderick A, Sque M. Factors influencing bereaved families’ decisions about organ donation: an integrative literature review. West J Nurs Res. 2013;35(10):1339–59 Epub 2013/04/27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Hoover SM, Bratton SL, Roach E, Olson LM. Parental experiences and recommendations in donation after circulatory determination of death*. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2014;15(2):105–11 Epub 2013/12/18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Bauer PN, Han YY. Parental perspectives of donation after circulatory determination of death in children: have we really investigated the heart of the matter?*. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2014;15(2):171–3 Epub 2014/02/05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Rogers WA, de Lacey S, Avery JC. Donation after cardiac death: community views about ‘decent’ intervals. Am J Transplant: Official J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2011;11(3):583–90 Epub 2011/02/09.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kalkbrenner KJ, Hardart GE. Consent for donation after cardiac death: a survey of organ procurement organizations. J Intensive care Med. 2012;27(4):253–63 Epub 2011/05/18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Mandell MS, Zamudio S, Seem D, McGaw LJ, Wood G, Liehr P, et al. National evaluation of healthcare provider attitudes toward organ donation after cardiac death. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(12):2952–8 Epub 2006/11/01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Mathur M, Taylor S, Tiras K, Wilson M, Abd-Allah S. Pediatric critical care nurses’ perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes regarding organ donation after cardiac death. Pediatr Crit Care Med: J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2008;9(3):261–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. D’Alessandro AM, Peltier JW, Phelps JE. An empirical examination of the antecedents of the acceptance of donation after cardiac death by health care professionals. Am J Transplant: Official J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2008;8(1):193–200 Epub 2007/11/02.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Stavel M, Akinsoji Y, Latifi S. PICU staff attitude towards organ donor identification and donation after circulatory death. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(7):700. Epub 2011/02/11.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Sarnaik AA, Clark JA, Meert KL, Sarnaik AP. Views of pediatric intensive care physicians on the ethics of organ donation after cardiac death. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(7):1733–44 Epub 2013/05/11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Hart JL, Kohn R, Halpern SD. Perceptions of organ donation after circulatory determination of death among critical care physicians and nurses: a national survey. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(9):2595–600 Epub 2012/06/27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Joffe AR, Anton NR, deCaen AR. Survey of pediatricians’ opinions on donation after cardiac death: are the donors dead? Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):e967–74 Epub 2008/11/04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Coleman NL, Bonner A. Exploring Australian intensive care physicians clinical judgement during donation after cardiac death: an exploratory qualitative study. Aus Crit Care: Official J Confed Aus Crit Care Nurses. 2014. Epub 2014/05/28.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Truog RD. Organ donation after cardiac death: what role for anesthesiologists? Anesthesiology. 2003;98(3):599–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Faraj W, Fakih H, Mukherji D, Khalife M. Organ donation after cardiac death in the Middle East. Transpl Proc. 2010;42(3):713–5 Epub 2010/05/01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Zheng S, Shen Z. Current status of donation after cardiac death in children in China. Pediatr Transpl. 2012;16(8):813–4 Epub 2012/11/08.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Downie J, Kutcher M, Rajotte C, Shea A. Eligibility for organ donation: a medico-legal perspective on defining and determining death. Can J Anaesth. 2009;56(11):851–63 Epub 2009/07/09.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Abadie A, Gay S. The impact of presumed consent legislation on cadaveric organ donation: a cross-country study. J Health Econ. 2006;25(4):599–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Squifflet JP. Why did it take so long to start a non-heart-beating donor program in Belgium? Acta Chir Belg. 2006;106(5):485–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Kirby J. Ethically informed pragmatic conditions for organ donation after cardiocirculatory death: could they assist in policy development? J Clin Ethics. 2013;24(4):373–80 Epub 2013/01/01.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Bernat JL, D’Alessandro AM, Port FK, Bleck TP, Heard SO, Medina J, et al. Report of a national conference on donation after cardiac death. Am J Transplant: Official J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2006;6(2):281–91.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Graftieaux JP, Bollaert PE, Haddad L, Kentish-Barnes N, Nitenberg G, Robert R, et al. Contribution of the ethics committee of the French intensive care society to describing a scenario for implementing organ donation after Maastricht type III cardiocirculatory death in France. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2(1):23. Epub 2012/07/04.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Littlejohns S, Bontoft H, Littlejohns P, Richardson J, Robertson A. Legal and ethical implications of NICE guidance aimed at optimising organ transplantation after circulatory death. Clin Med (London, England). 2013;13(4):340–3. Epub 2013/08/03.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Valapour M. Donation after cardiac death: consent is the issue, not death. J Clin Ethics. 2006;17(2):137–8 Epub 2006/08/18.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Childress JF. Organ donation after circulatory determination of death: lessons and unresolved controversies. J Law, Med Ethics: J Am Soc Law Med Ethics. 2008;36(4):766–71, 610.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Siminoff LA, Agyemang AA, Traino HM. Consent to organ donation: a review. Prog Transplant. 2013;23(1):99–104 Epub 2013/03/02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Siminoff LA, Arnold RM, Hewlett J. The process of organ donation and its effect on consent. Clin Transplant. 2001;15(1):39–47 Epub 2001/02/13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Browne A. The ethics of organ donation after cardiocirculatory death: do the guidelines of the Canadian Council for donation and transplantation measure up? 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Rady MY, Verheijde JL, McGregor J. Organ procurement after cardiocirculatory death: a critical analysis. J Intensive Care Med. 2008;23(5):303–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Harrison CH, Laussen PC. Controversy and consensus on pediatric donation after cardiac death: ethical issues and institutional process. Transpl Proc. 2008;40(4):1044–7 Epub 2008/06/17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Fugate JE, Stadtler M, Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EF. Variability in donation after cardiac death protocols: a national survey. Transplantation. 2011;91(4):386–9 Epub 2010/12/04.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Antommaria AH, Trotochaud K, Kinlaw K, Hopkins PN, Frader J. Policies on donation after cardiac death at children’s hospitals: a mixed-methods analysis of variation. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2009;301(18):1902–8 Epub 2009/05/14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Wind J, Faut M, van Smaalen TC, van Heurn EL. Variability in protocols on donation after circulatory death in Europe. Crit Care (London, England). 2013;17(5):R217. Epub 2013/10/05.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northwestern University, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Erin Paquette & Joel Frader

Authors
  1. Erin Paquette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joel Frader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erin Paquette .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

    Rebecca A. Greenberg

  2. Dept. of Pediatrics, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, Canada

    Aviva M. Goldberg

  3. Department of Philosophy I, University of Granada, Madrid, Spain

    David Rodríguez-Arias

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paquette, E., Frader, J. (2016). Controlled Donation After Cardiac Death in Pediatrics. In: Greenberg, R., Goldberg, A., Rodríguez-Arias, D. (eds) Ethical Issues in Pediatric Organ Transplantation. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine, vol 66. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29185-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation