Abstract
The availability of visual sensors and the increment of their processing capabilities have led to the development of a new generation of multi-camera systems. This increment has also conveyed new expectations and requirements that cannot be fulfilled by applying traditional fusion techniques. The ultimate objective of computer vision systems is to obtain a description of the observed scenario in terms that are both computable and human-readable, which can be seen as a specific form of situation assessment. Particularly, there is a great interest in human activity recognition in several areas such as surveillance and ambient intelligence. Simple activities can be recognized by applying pattern recognition algorithms on sensor data. However, identification of complex activities requires the development of cognitive capabilities close to human understanding. Several recent proposals combine numerical techniques and a symbolic model that represents context-dependent, background and common-sense knowledge relevant to the task. In this chapter the current challenges in the development of vision-based activity recognition systems are described, and how they can be tackled by exploiting formally represented context knowledge. Along with a review of the related literature, we describe an approach with examples in the areas of ambient intelligence and indoor security. The chapter surveys methods for context management in the literature that use symbolic knowledge models to represent and reason with context. Due to their relevance, we will pay special attention to ontology and logic-based models.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
A blob is a set of pixels included in a connected image area. A track is a set of blobs corresponding to a scene object with associated properties: size, position, speed, color, etc. Generally, blobs and tracks are represented by their minimum enclosing rectangles.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
References
C.S. Regazzoni, V. Ramesh, G.L. Foresti, Scanning the issue/technology, special issue on video communications, processing, and understanding for 3rd generation surveillance systems. Proc. IEEE, 89(10), 1355–1367 (2001)
M. Valera, S.A. Velastin, Intelligent distributed surveillance systems: a review. IEEE Proc. Vis. Image Sig. Proc. 152(2), 192–204 (2005)
A. Luis Bustamante, J.M. Molina, M.A. Patricio, A practical approach for active camera coordination based on a fusion-driven multi-agent system. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 45(4), 741–755 (2014)
K. Henricksen, A framework for context-aware pervasive computing applications, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland, 2003
M. Kokar, M. Matheus, K. Baclawski, Ontology-based situation awareness. Inf. Fusion 10(1), 83–98 (2009)
N.A. Bradley, M.D. Dunlop, Towards a multidisciplinary model of context to support context-aware computing. Hum. Comput. Inter. 20, 403–446 (2005)
J. McCarthy, Notes on formalizing context, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI’93) (Chambéry, France, 1993), pp. 555–562
T. Stang, C. Linnhoff-Popien, A context modeling survey, in 1st International Workshop on Advanced Context Modeling, Reasoning and Management, Nottingham, UK, 2004
M. Kandefer, S.C. Shapiro, A categorization of contextual constraints, in Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures—Papers from the AAAI Fall Symposium (Menlo Park, USA, 2008), pp. 88–93
J. Gómez-Romero, J. García, J. Kandefer, J. Llinas, J.M. Molina, M.A. Patricio, M. Prentice, S.C. Shapiro, Strategies and techniques for use and exploitation of contextual information in high-level fusion architectures, in Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2010), Edinburgh, UK, 2010
L. Snidaro, J. García, J. Llinas, Context-based information fusion: a survey and discussion. Inf. Fusion 25, 16–31 (2015)
J. Gómez-Romero, J. García, M.A. Patricio, J.M. Molina, J. Llinas, High-level information fusion in visual sensor networks, in Visual Information Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Trends and Applications, eds. by L.-M. Ang, K.P. Seng (IGI Global, 2012), pp. 197–223
A.N. Steinberg, G. Rogova, Situation and context in data fusion and natural language understanding, in Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2008), Cologne, Germany, 2008
C.J. Matheus, M. Kokar, K. Baclawski, J. Letkowski, C. Call, M. Hinman, J. Salerno, D. Boulware, SAWA: an assistant for higher-level fusion and situation awareness, in Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Multisensor, Multisource Information Fusion (Orlando, USA, 2005), pp. 75–85
B. Neumann, R. Möller, On scene interpretation with Description Logics. Imagine Vis. Comput. 26, 82–101 (2008)
R.N. Carvalho, K.B. Laskey, P.C.G. Costa, PR-OWL 2.0—Bridging the gap to OWL semantics, in Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web II, ed. by F. Bobillo (Springer, Berlin, 2013), pp. 1–18
L. Snidaro, I. Visentini, K. Bryan, Fusing uncertain knowledge and evidence for maritime situational awareness via Markov logic networks. Inf. Fusion 21, 159–172 (2015)
J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Serrano, J. García, J.M. Molina, G. Rogova, Context-based multi-level information fusion for harbor surveillance. Inf. Fusion 21, 173–186 (2015)
A.N. Steinberg, C.L. Bowman, Revisions to the JDL data fusion model, in Handbook of Multisensor Data Fusion, eds. by J. Llinas, M. Liggins, D. Hall (CRC Press, 2009), pp. 45–68
C.Y. Chong, S. Mori, K.C. Chang, Distributed multitarget multisensor tracking, in Multitarget-Multisensor Tracking: Advanced Applications, ed. by Y. Bar-Shalom, Vol. 1 (Artech House, 1990), pp. 247–295
K. Chang, C.Y. Chong, Y. Bar-Shalom, Joint probabilistic data association in distributed sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 31(10), 889–897 (1986)
R. Olfati-Saber, Distributed Kalman filtering for sensor networks, in Proceedings of the 46th Conference in Decision and Control (New Orleans, USA, 2007), pp. 5492–5498
A. Yilmaz, O. Javed, M. Shah, Object tracking: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 38, 1–45 (2006)
F. Castanedo, J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M., Molina, Distributed data and information fusion in visual sensor networks, in Distributed Data Fusion for network-centric operations Hall, eds. by D. Hall, M. Liggins, C.-Y. Chong, J. Llinas (CRC Press, 2012), pp. 437–467
J. García, M.A. Patricio, A. Berlanga, J.M. Molina, Fuzzy region assignment for visual tracking. Soft. Comput. 15(9), 1845–1864 (2011)
I. Dotú, M.A. Patricio, A. Berlanga, J. García, J.M. Molina, Discrete optimization algorithms in real-time visual tracking. Appl. Artif. Intell. 23(9), 805–827 (2009)
I. Dotú, M.A. Patricio, A. Berlanga, J. García, J.M. Molina, Boosting video tracking performance by means of Tabu search in intelligent visual surveillance systems. J. Heuristics 17(4), 415–440 (2011)
A. Pinz, H. Bischof, W. Kropatsch, G. Schweighofer, Y. Haxhimusa, A. Opelt, A. Ion, Representations for cognitive vision. ELCVIA Electron. Lett. Comput. Vis. Image Anal. 7(2), 35–61 (2008)
I. Horrocks, P. Patel-Schneider, Reducing OWL entailment to description logic satisfiability. Web Seman. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web 1(4), 345–357 (2004)
B. Motik, U. Sattler, R. Studer, Query answering for OWL-DL with rules. Web Seman. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web 3(1), 41–60 (2005)
C. Elsenbroich, O. Kutz, U. Sattler, A case for abductive reasoning over ontologies, in Proceedings of the OWL Workshop: Experiences and Directions (OWLED ‘06), Athens, USA, 2006
V. Haarslev, K. Hidde, R. Möller, M. Wessel, The RacerPro knowledge representation and reasoning system. Semant. Web J. 3(3), 267–277 (2011)
J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M. Molina, Communication in distributed tracking systems: an ontology-based approach to improve cooperation. Expert Syst. 28(4), 288–305 (2011)
M.A. Serrano, J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M. Molina, Applying the dynamic region connection calculus to exploit geographical knowledge in maritime surveillance, in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2012), Singapore, 2012
D. Doermann, D. Mihalcik, Tools and techniques for video performance evaluation, in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR ’00), Barcelona, Spain, 2000
M.A. Serrano, J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M. Molina, Topological properties in ontology-based applications, in 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2011) (Córdoba, Spain, 2011), pp. 1329–1334
J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Serrano, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M. Molina, Context-based scene recognition from visual data in smart homes: an information fusion approach. Pers. Ubiquit. Comput. 16(7), 835–857 (2012)
J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M. Molina, Ontology-based context representation and reasoning for object tracking and scene interpretation in video. Expert Syst. Appl. 38, 7494–7510 (2011)
M.A. Serrano, J. Gómez-Romero, M.A. Patricio, J. García, J.M. Molina, Ontological representation of light wave camera data to support vision-based Aml. Sensors 12, 12126–12152 (2012)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by projects MINECO TEC2014-57022-C2-2-R, TEC2012-37832-C02-01 and TIN2012-30939.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland (outside the USA)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gómez-Romero, J., García, J., Patricio, M.A., Serrano, M.A., Molina, J.M. (2016). Context-Based Situation Recognition in Computer Vision Systems. In: Snidaro, L., García, J., Llinas, J., Blasch, E. (eds) Context-Enhanced Information Fusion. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28971-7_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28971-7_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28969-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28971-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)