Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation and Management of Common Scrotal Conditions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Nurse Practitioner in Urology

  • 1004 Accesses

Abstract

Objectives

  1. 1.

    Identify three conditions associated with acute scrotal pain.

  2. 2.

    Review the anatomy associated with hydrocele formation.

  3. 3.

    Discuss two percutaneous treatment options for varicoceles.

  4. 4.

    Outline the differences between a retractile testis and an undescended testis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abaci A, Catli G, Anik A, Bober E (2013) Epidemiology, classification and management of undescended testes: does medication have value in its treatment? J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 5(2):65–72

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad I, & Krishna NS. (2007). Hemospermia. Journal of Urology, 177(5):1613–1618

    Google Scholar 

  • Alzayyani NR, Wani AM, Al Miamini W, Al Harbi ZS (2011) Chronic epididymo-orchitis and scrotal ulcers. BMJ Case Rep 2011: doi:10.1136/bcr.03.2010.2825

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslam MI, Cheetham P, Miller MA (2009) A management algorithm for hematospermia. Nat Rev Urol 6(7):398–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babu S, Nutman TB (2012) Immunopathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease. Semin Immunooathol 34(6):847–861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldisserotto M, de Souza JC, Pertence AP, Dora MD (2005) Color Doppler sonography of normal and torsed testicular appendages in children. Am J Roentgenol 184(4):1287–1292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beni-Israel T, Goldman M, Bar Chaim S, & Kozer E. (2010). Clinical predictors for testicular torsion as seen in the pediatric ED. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 28(7):786–789

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanc Walters R, Marguet CG, Crain DS (2012) Lower prevalence of varicoceles in obese patients found on routine scrotal ultrasound. J Urol 187(2):599–601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clin North America 31(1):237–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutinho K, McLeod D, Stensland K, Stock JA (2014) Variations in the management of asymptomatic adolescent grade 2 or 3 left varicoceles: a survey of practitioners. J Pediatr Urol 10(3):430–434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford P, Crop JA (2014) Evaluation of scrotal masses. Am Fam Physician 89(9):723–727

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DaJusta DG, Granberg CF, Villanueva C, Baker LA (2013) Contemporary review of testicular torsion: new concepts, emerging technologies and potential therapeutics. J Pediatr Urol 9(6 Pt A):723–730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Docimo SG, Silver RI, Cromie W (2000) The undescended testicle: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 62(9):2037–2044

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epididymo-orchitis 2010 Int J STD AIDS 22(7):361–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantasia J, Aidlen J, Lathrop W, Ellsworth P (2015) Undescended testes: a clinical and surgical review. Urol Nurs 35(3):117–126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger J, Epelman M, Darge K (2010) The fountain sign: a novel color Doppler sonographic finding for the diagnosis of acute idiopathic scrotal edema. J Ultrasound Med 29(8):1233–1237

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomella LG (2010) The 5-minute urology consult (2nd ed). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddad NG, Houk CP, Lee PA (2014) Varicocele: a dilemma in adolescent males. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 11(Suppl 2):274–283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hano P, Malkowicz SB and Wein AJ (2014). Penn clinical manual of urology.Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall NJ, Ron O, Eaton S, & Pierro A (2011). Surgery for hydrocele in children-an avoidable excess? Journal of Pediatric Surgery 46(12):2401–2405

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensle TW, & Deibert CM (2012). Adult male health risks associated with congenital abnormalities. Urologic Clinics of North America 39(1):109–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter SR, Lishnak TS, Powers AM, Lisle DK (2013) Male genital trauma in sports. Clin Sports Med 32(2):247–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutson JM, Balic A, Nation T, Southwell B (2010) Cryptorchidism. Semin Pediatr Surg 19(3):215–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor S (2008) Testicular torsion: a race against time. International journal of clinical practice 62(5):821–827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman EC, Kim HH, Tanrikut C, Goldstein M (2011) Microsurgical spermatocelectomy: technique and outcomes of a novel surgical approach. J Urol 185(1):238–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keys C, Heloury Y (2012) Retractile testes: a review of the current literature. J Pediatr Urol 8(1):2–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolon TF, Glassberg KI, Van Batavia JP (2014) Varicocele: early surgery versus observation. J Urol 192(3):645–647

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolon TF, Herndon CD, Baker LA, Baskin LS, Baxter CG, Cheng EY, Diaz M, Lee PA, Seahore CJ, Tasian GE, Barthold J (2014) Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. American Urological association Education and Research, Inc. Downloaded www.guideline.gov

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Kapoor S, Nargund V (2006) Haematospermia – a systematic review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 88(4):339–342

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurkar A, Elderwy AA, Awad SM, Abulsorour S, Aboul-Ella HA, & Altaher A (2014). Hyperuricemia: A possible cause of hemospermia. Urology 84(3):609–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwak N, Siegel D (2014) Imaging and interventional therapy for varicoceles. Curr Urol Rep 15(4):399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lao OB, Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Cusick RA (2012) Pediatric inguinal hernias, hydroceles, and undescended testicles. Surg Clin N Am 92(3):487–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee PA, Houk CP (2013). Cryptorchidism. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity 20(3):210–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee YJ, Cho SY, Paick JS, Kim SW (2015) Usefulness of 2010 world health organization reference values for determining indications for varicocelectomy. Urology 85(4):831–835

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leocadio DE, Stein BS (2009) Hematospermia: etiological and management considerations. Int Urol Nephrol 41(1):77–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masson P, Brannigan RE (2014) The varicocele. Urol Clin N Am 41(1):129–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mestrovic J, Biocic M, Pogorelic Z, Furlan D, Druzijanic N, Todoric D, Capkun V (2013) Differentiation of inflammatory from non-inflammatory causes of acute scrotum using relatively simple laboratory tests: prospective study. J Pediatr Urol 9(3):313–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng YH, Seeley JP, Smith G (2013) Haematospermia as a presenting symptom: outcomes of investigation in 300 men. Surgeon 11(1):35–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niederberger C (2015) Re: clinical outcome of microsurgical varicocelectomy in infertile men with severe oligozoospermia. J Urol 193(1):255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer LS (2013) Hernias and hydroceles. Pediatr Rev 34(10):457–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilatz A, Altinkilic B, Köhler E, Weidner W (2011) Color Doppler ultrasound imaging in varicoceles: is the venous diameter sufficient for predicting clinical and subclinical varicocele? World J Urol 29(5):645–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pogorelic Z, Mrklic I, Juric I (2013) Do not forget to include testicular torsion in differential diagnosis of lower acute abdominal pain in young males. J Pediatr Urol 9(6 Pt B):1161–1165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pourmand G, Movahedin M, Dehghani S et al (2014) Does L-carnitine therapy add any extra benefit to standard inguinal varicocelectomy in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage or sperm quality factor indices: a randomized study. Urology 84(4):821–825

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, & Society for Male Reproduction and Urology (2014) Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 102(6):1556–1560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puche-Sanz I, Flores-Martin JF, Vazquez-Alonso F, Pardo-Moreno PL, Cozar-Olmo JM (2014) Primary treatment of painful varicocele through percutaneous retrograde embolization with fibred coils. Andrology 2(5):716–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Punekar SV, Prem AR, Ridhorker VR (1996) Post-surgical recurrent varicocele: efficacy of internal spermatic venography and steel-coil embolization. Br J Urol 77:124–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos-Fernandez MR, Medero-Colon R, Mendez-Carreno L (2013) Critical urologic skills and procedures in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 31(1):237–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv G, Laufer M, Miki H (2013) Hematospermia--the added value of transrectal ultrasound to clinical evaluation: is transrectal ultrasound necessary for evaluation of hematospermia? Clin Imaging 37(5):913–916

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynard J, Brewster S, & Biers S (2010). Oxford Handbook of Urology. England: Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Rioja J, Sanchez-Margallo FM, Uson J, Rioja LA (2011) Adult hydrocele and spermatocele. BJU Int 107(11):1852–1864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi SA, Ahmad I, Siddiqui MA, Zaheer S, Ahmad K (2011) Role of color doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of scrotal swellings: pattern of disease in 120 patients with review of literature. Urol J 8(1):60–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein RA, Dogra VS, Seftel AD, & Resnick MI (2004). Benign intrascrotal lesions. Journal of Urology 171(5):1765–1772

    Google Scholar 

  • Sexual Health and HIV (2011) BASHH UK guideline for the management of

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakiba B,Heidari K, Jamali A, Afshar K (2014) Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocoelectomy for treating hydroceles. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev (11):CD009735

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp VJ, Kieran K, Arlen AM (2013) Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Am Fam Physician 88(12):835–840

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shridharani A, Lockwood G, Sandlow J (2012) Varicocelectomy in the treatment of testicular pain: a review. Curr Opin Urol 22(6):499–506

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigman M (2011) There is more than meets the eye with varicoceles: current and emerging concepts in pathophysiology, management, and study design. Fertil Steril 96(6):1281–1282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommers D, Winter T (2014) Ultrasonography evaluation of scrotal masses. Radiol Clin North Am 52(6):1265–1281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sports. Clin Sports Med 32(2):247–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinath H (2013) Acute scrotal pain. Aust Fam Physician 42(11):790–792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl P, Schlegel PN (2011) Standardization and documentation of varicocele evaluation. Curr Opin Urol 21(6):500–505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H (2011) Epididymo-orchitis. BMJ 342:1543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Street E, Joyce A, Wilson J, Clinical Effectiveness Group, British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (2011) BASHH UK guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis, 2010. Int J STD AIDS 22(7):361–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas RJ, Holland AJ (2014) Surgical approach to the palpable undescended testis. Pediatr Surg Int 30(7):707–713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorup J, McLachlan R, Cortes D, Nation TR, Balic A, Southwell BR, Hutson JM (2010) What is new in cryptorchidism and hypospadias – a critical review on the testicular dysgenesis hypothesis. J Pediatr Surg 45(10):2074–2086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trojian TH, Lishnak TS & Heiman D (2009). Epididymitis and orchitis: An overview. Americani Family Physician 79(7):583–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Urologic skills and procedures in the emergency department. Emerg Med

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Langen AMM, Gal S, Hulsmann AR, De Nef JJEM (2001) Acute idiopathic scrotal oedema: four cases and a short review. Eur J Pediatr 160(7):455–456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker NA, Challacombe B (2013) Managing epididymo-orchitis in general practice. Practitioner 257(1760):21–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Seeger KT, Turek PJ (2007) Spermatoceles in adults: when does size matter? Arch Androl 53(6):345–348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wampler, S M, & Llanes, M. (2010). Common scrotal and testicular problems. Primary care, 37(3):613–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson C, Boyd K, Mohammed A, Little B (2010) A single episode of haematospermia can be safely managed in the community. Int J Clin Pract 64(10):1436–1439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, RUSH University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Katherine Marchese MSN, ANP-BC, CUNP

Authors
  1. Katherine Marchese MSN, ANP-BC, CUNP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katherine Marchese MSN, ANP-BC, CUNP .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept.ofUrology&Dept.of Infectious Dis., Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA

    Michelle Lajiness

  2. Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Rochester, Michigan, USA

    Susanne Quallich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marchese, K. (2016). Evaluation and Management of Common Scrotal Conditions. In: Lajiness, M., Quallich, S. (eds) The Nurse Practitioner in Urology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28743-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28743-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28741-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28743-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation