Abstract
Conformal bioelectronics in flexible or stretchable format that make direct contact to the skin or tissues have contributed extensively to diverse clinical applications. Wireless modules in such minimally invasive forms have developed in parallel to extend the capabilities and to improve the quality of such bioelectronics, in assurances to offer safer and more convenient clinical practice. Such remote capabilities are facilitating significant advances in clinical medicine, by removing bulky energy storage devices and tangled electrical wires, and by offering cost-effective and continuous monitoring of the patients. This chapter provides a snapshot of current developments and challenges of wireless conformal bioelectronics with various examples of applications utilizing either wireless powering or communication system. The chapter begins with near-field wirelessly powered therapeutic devices owing to the simplicity of power transfer mechanism followed by far-field powering systems which require integration of numerous electrical components. In the later sections of the chapter, sensors in conformal format that transfer clinical data wirelessly are discussed and ends by reviewing the developments of wireless bioelectronics that utilize integrated circuits for advanced capabilities in clinical applications.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
K. LineBaugh, Medical devices in hospitals to go wireless (2012), http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304065704577422633456558976. Accessed 18 Aug 2012
W. Greatbatch, C.F. Holmes, History of implantable devices. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 10, 38–41 (1991)
J.T. Farrar, V.K. Zworykin, J. Baum, Pressure-sensitive telemetering capsule for study of gastrointestinal motility. Science 126, 975–976 (1957)
R.S. Mackay, B. Jacobson, Endoradiosonde. Nature 179, 1239–1240, (1957)
J.A. Rogers, M.G. Lagally, R.G. Nuzzo, Synthesis, assembly and applications of semiconductor nanomembranes. Nature 477, 45–53 (2011)
G. Park, H.-J. Chung, K. Kim, S.A. Lim, J. Kim, Y.-S. Kim et al., Immunologic and tissue biocompatibility of flexible/stretchable electronics and optoelectronics. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 3, 515–525 (2014)
D.-Y. Khang, H. Jiang, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, A stretchable form of single-crystal silicon for high-performance electronics on rubber substrates. Science 311, 208–212 (2006)
D.-H. Kim, J. Viventi, J.J. Amsden, J. Xiao, L. Vigeland, Y.-S. Kim et al., Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics. Nat. Mater. 9, 511–517 (2010)
G.A. Covic, J.T. Boys, Inductive Power Transfer. Proc. IEEE 101, 1276–1289 (2013)
A.M. Sodagar, P. Amiri, Capacitive coupling for power and data telemetry to implantable biomedical microsystems, in 09. 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2009. NER, pp. 411–414 (2009)
A. E. Umenei, Understanding low frequency non-radiative power transfer, in Wireless Power Consortium contribution by Fulton Innovation LLC, vol. 7575 (2011)
J.I. Agbinya, Wireless power transfer, in Principles of Inductive near Field Communications for Internet of Things, vol. 18 (2011), pp. 281–300
N. Shinohara, Theroy of WPT, in Wireless Power Transfer Via Radiowaves, pp. 21–52 (2014)
A. Karalis, J.D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljacic, Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer. Ann. Phys. 323, 34–48 (2008)
S.H. Jeong, K. Hjort, Z. Wu, Tape transfer atomization patterning of liquid alloys for microfluidic stretchable wireless power transfer. Sci. Rep. 5, 8419 (2015)
D.-H. Kim, N. Lu, R. Ma, Y.-S. Kim, R.-H. Kim, S. Wang et al., Epidermal electronics. Science 333, 838–843 (2011)
H.L. Liang, H.T. Whelan, J.T. Eells, M.T.T. Wong-Riley, Near-infrared light via light-emitting diode treatment is therapeutic against rotenone—and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 153, 963–974 (2008)
J.L.N. Bastos, R.F.Z. Lizarelli, N.A. Parizotto, Comparative study of laser and LED systems of low intensity applied to tendon healing. Laser Phys. 19, 1925–1931, (2009)
B.P. Timko, T. Dvir, D.S. Kohane, Remotely triggerable drug delivery systems. Adv. Mater. 22, 4925–4943 (2010)
S. Waxman, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for plaque characterization. J. Intervent. Cardiol. 21, 452–458 (2008)
R.-H. Kim, D.-H. Kim, J. Xiao, B.H. Kim, S.-I. Park, B. Panilaitis et al., Waterproof AlInGaP optoelectronics on stretchable substrates with applications in biomedicine and robotics. Nat. Mater. 9, 929–937 (2010)
T.-I. Kim, Y.H. Jung, J. Song, D. Kim, Y. Li, H.-S. Kim et al., High-efficiency, microscale GaN light-emitting diodes and their thermal properties on unusual substrates. Small 8, 1643–1649 (2012)
T.-I. Kim, J.G. McCall, Y.H. Jung, X. Huang, E.R. Siuda, Y. Li et al., Injectable, cellular-scale optoelectronics with applications for wireless optogenetics. Science 340, 211–216 (2013)
R.-H. Kim, H. Tao, T.-I. Kim, Y. Zhang, S. Kim, B. Panilaitis et al., Materials and designs for wirelessly powered implantable light-emitting systems. Small 8, 2812–2818 (2012)
S.-W. Hwang, H. Tao, D.-H. Kim, H. Cheng, J.-K. Song, E. Rill et al., A physically transient form of silicon electronics. Science 337, 1640–1644 (2012)
L. Yin, H. Cheng, S. Mao, R. Haasch, Y. Liu, X. Xie et al., Dissolvable metals for transient electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 645–658 (2014)
H. Tao, S.-W. Hwang, B. Marelli, B. An, J.E. Moreau, M. Yang et al., Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 17385–17389 (2014)
M. Koo, K.-I. Park, S.H. Lee, M. Suh, D.Y. Jeon, J.W. Choi et al., Bendable inorganic thin-film battery for fully flexible electronic systems. Nano Lett. 12, 4810–4816 (2012)
S. Xu, Y. Zhang, J. Cho, J. Lee, X. Huang, L. Jia et al., Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems. Nat. Commun. 4, 1543 (2013)
C. Dagdeviren, B.D. Yang, Y. Su, P.L. Tran, P. Joe, E. Anderson et al., Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 1927–1932 (2014)
T. Sekitani, M. Takamiya, Y. Noguchi, S. Nakano, Y. Kato, T. Sakurai et al., A large-area wireless power-transmission sheet using printed organic transistors and plastic MEMS switches. Nat. Mater. 6, 413–417 (2007)
M. Takamiya, T. Sekitani, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Noguchi, H. Kawaguchi, T. Someya et al., Design solutions for a multi-object wireless power transmission sheet based on plastic switches, in Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2007. ISSCC 2007. Digest of Technical Papers. IEEE International, 2007, pp. 362–609
D.-H. Kim, J.-H. Ahn, W.M. Choi, H.-S. Kim, T.-H. Kim, J. Song et al., Stretchable and foldable silicon integrated circuits. Science 320, 507–511 (2008)
J. Yoon, S. Jo, I.S. Chun, I. Jung, H.-S. Kim, M. Meitl et al., GaAs photovoltaics and optoelectronics using releasable multilayer epitaxial assemblies, Nature 465, 329–333 (2010)
H.-S. Kim, E. Brueckner, J. Song, Y. Li, S. Kim, C. Lu et al., Unusual strategies for using indium gallium nitride grown on silicon (111) for solid-state lighting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 10072–10077 (2011)
L. Sun, G. Qin, H. Huang, H. Zhou, N. Behdad, W. Zhou et al., Flexible high-frequency microwave inductors and capacitors integrated on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 013509 (2010)
J.-H. Ahn, H.-S. Kim, K.J. Lee, Z. Zhu, E. Menard, R.G. Nuzzo et al., High-speed mechanically flexible single-crystal silicon thin-film transistors on plastic substrates. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 27, 460–462 (2006)
L. Sun, G. Qin, J.-H. Seo, G.K. Celler, W. Zhou, Z. Ma, 12-GHz thin-film transistors on transferrable silicon nanomembranes for high-performance flexible electronics. Small 6, 2553–2557 (2010)
H. Zhou, J.-H. Seo, D.M. Paskiewicz, Y. Zhu, G.K. Celler, P.M. Voyles et al., Fast flexible electronics with strained silicon nanomembranes. Sci. Rep. 3, 1291 (2013)
K. Rim, K. Chan, L. Shi, D. Boyd, J. Ott, N. Klymko et al., Fabrication and mobility characteristics of ultra-thin strained Si directly on insulator (SSDOI) MOSFETs, in Electron Devices Meeting, 2003. IEDM ‘03 Technical Digest. IEEE International, 2003, pp. 3.1.1–3.1.4
U.K. Mishra, L. Shen, T.E. Kazior, Y.-F. Wu, GaN-based RF power devices and amplifiers. Proc. IEEE 96, 287–305 (2008)
T.-H. Chang, K. Xiong, S.H. Park, H. Mi, H. Zhang, S. Mikael et al., High power fast flexible electronics: transparent RF AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on plastic substrates, in Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2015 IEEE MTT-S International, 2015, pp. 1–4
S.P. Voinigescu, M.C. Maliepaard, J.L. Showell, G.E. Babcock, D. Marchesan, M. Schroter et al., A scalable high-frequency noise model for bipolar transistors with application to optimal transistor sizing for low-noise amplifier design. IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. 32, 1430–1439 (1997)
Y.H. Jung, T.-H. Chang, H. Zhang, C. Yao, Q. Zheng, V.W. Yang et al., High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper, Nat. Commun. 6, 7170 (2015)
G. Qin, H.-C. Yuan, G.K. Celler, W. Zhou, Z. Ma, Flexible microwave PIN diodes and switches employing transferrable single-crystal Si nanomembranes on plastic substrates, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 42, 234006 (2009)
G. Qin, H.-C. Yuan, Y. Qin, J.-H. Seo, Y. Wang, J. Ma et al., Fabrication and characterization of flexible microwave single-crystal germanium nanomembrane diodes on a plastic substrate. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 34, 160–162 (2013)
H.-C. Yuan, G.. Qin, G.K. Celler, Z. Ma, Bendable high-frequency microwave switches formed with single-crystal silicon nanomembranes on plastic substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 043109 (2009)
G. Qin, L. Yang, J.-H. Seo, H.-C. Yuan, G.K. Celler, J. Ma et al., Experimental characterization and modeling of the bending strain effect on flexible microwave diodes and switches on plastic substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 243104 (2011)
CGH60008D, 8 W, 6.0 GHz, GaN HEMT Die, CREE, Ed., ed
D.R. Webb, I.G. Sipes, D.E. Carter, In vitro solubility and in vivo toxicity of gallium arsenide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 76, 96–104 (1984)
S.J. Cho, Y.H. Jung, Z. Ma, X-Band compatible flexible microwave inductors and capacitors on plastic substrate. IEEE J. Electron Devices Soc. 3, 435–439 (2015)
S. Cheng, A. Rydberg, K. Hjort, Z. Wu, Liquid metal stretchable unbalanced loop antenna. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 144103 (2009)
S. Cheng, Z.G. Wu, P. Hallbjorner, K. Hjort, A. Rydberg, Foldable and stretchable liquid metal planar inverted cone antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57, 3765–3771 (2009)
J.-H. So, J. Thelen, A. Qusba, G.J. Hayes, G. Lazzi, M.D. Dickey, Reversibly deformable and mechanically tunable fluidic antennas. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3632–3637 (2009)
M. Kubo, X. Li, C. Kim, M. Hashimoto, B. J. Wiley, D. Ham et al., Stretchable microfluidic radiofrequency antennas, Adv. Mater., 22, pp. 2749–2752, (2010)
M. Park, J. Im, M. Shin, Y. Min, J. Park, H. Cho et al., Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibres. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 803–809 (2012)
L. Song, A.C. Myers, J.J. Adams, Y. Zhu, Stretchable and reversibly deformable radio frequency antennas based on silver nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 4248–4253 (2014)
G.J. Hayes, J.-H. So, A. Qusba, M.D. Dickey, G. Lazzi, Flexible liquid metal alloy (EGaIn) microstrip patch antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60, 2151–2156 (2012)
Y. Qiu, Y.H. Jung, S. Lee, T.-Y. Shih, J. Lee, Y. Xu et al., Compact parylene-c-coated flexible antenna for WLAN and upper-band UWB applications. Electron. Lett. 50, pp. 1782–1784 (2014)
J.A. Fan, W.-H. Yeo, Y. Su, Y. Hattori, W. Lee, S.-Y. Jung et al., Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics, Nat. Commun. 5, 3266 (2014)
H. Bizri, F. Toameh, W. Hassan, A. Hage-Diab, L. Mustapha, Simulation of RF biological tissues response towards remote sensing ECG device, in 2nd International Conference on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME) (2013), pp. 9–13
R.E. Fields, Evaluating compliance with FCC guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (1997)
R.S. Alrawashdeh, Y. Huang, M. Kod, A.A. Sajak, A broadband flexible implantable loop antenna with complementary split ring resonators, IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14,1506–1509 (2015)
M.L. Scarpello, D. Kurup, H. Rogier, D. Vande Ginste, F. Axisa, J. Vanfleteren et al., Design of an implantable slot dipole conformal flexible antenna for biomedical applications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 59, 3556–3564 (2011)
D.D. Karnaushenko, D. Karnaushenko, D. Makarov, O.G. Schmidt, Compact helical antenna for smart implant applications. NPG Asia Mater. 7, e188 (2015)
R. Alrawashdeh, Y. Huang, P. Cao, Flexible meandered loop antenna for implants in MedRadio and ISM bands. Electron. Lett. 49, 1515–1516 (2013)
Z. Duan, Y.-X. Guo, M. Je, D.-L. Kwong, Design and in vitro test of a differentially fed dual-band implantable antenna operating at MICS and ISM Bands. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62, 2430–2439 (2014)
H.R. Raad, A.I. Abbosh, H.M. Al-Rizzo, D.G. Rucker, Flexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicine applications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61, 524–531 (2013)
S.-W. Hwang, X. Huang, J.-H. Seo, J.-K. Song, S. Kim, S. Hage-Ali et al., Materials for bioresorbable radio frequency electronics. Adv. Mater. 25, 3526–3531 (2013)
N. Sani, M. Robertsson, P. Cooper, X. Wang, M. Svensson, P.A. Ersman et al., All-printed diode operating at 1.6 GHz. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 111, 11943–11948 (2014)
J. Zhang, Y. Li, B. Zhang, H. Wang, Q. Xin, A. Song, Flexible indium-gallium-zinc-oxide Schottky diode operating beyond 2.45 GHz. Nat. Commun. 6, 7561 (2015)
F.H.C. Crick, Thinking about the brain. Sci. Am. 241, 219–232 (1979)
S.I. Park, G. Shin, A. Banks, J.G. McCall, E.R. Siuda, M.J. Schmidt et al., Ultraminiaturized photovoltaic and radio frequency powered optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics. J. Neural Eng. 12, 056002 (2015)
K.L. Montgomery, A.J. Yeh, J.S. Ho, V. Tsao, S. Mohan Iyer, L. Grosenick et al., Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice. Nature Methods, 12, 969–974 (2015)
E.L. Tan, W.N. Ng, R. Shao, B.D. Pereles, K.G. Ong, A wireless, passive sensor for quantifying packaged food quality. Sensors 7, 1747 (2007)
X. Huang, Y. Liu, H. Cheng, W-.J. Shin, J.A. Fan, Z. Liu et al., Materials and designs for wireless epidermal sensors of hydration and strain. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 3846–3854 (2014)
X. Huang, Y. Liu, K. Chen, W.-J. Shin, C.-J. Lu, G.-W. Kong et al., Stretchable, wireless sensors and functional substrates for epidermal characterization of sweat. Small 10, 3083–3090 (2014)
M.S. Mannoor, H. Tao, J.D. Clayton, A. Sengupta, D.L. Kaplan, R.R. Naik et al., Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel. Nat. Commun. 3, 763 (2012)
C. Peng, N. Chaimanonart, W.H. Ko, D.J. Young, A wireless and batteryless 130 mg 300 µW 10b implantable blood-pressure-sensing microsystem for real-time genetically engineered mice monitoring, in Solid-State Circuits Conference - Digest of Technical Papers, 2009. ISSCC 2009. IEEE International, 2009, pp. 428–429,429a
C. Po-Jui, S. Saati, R. Varma, M.S. Humayun, T. Yu-Chong, Wireless intraocular pressure sensing using microfabricated minimally invasive flexible-coiled LC sensor implant. J. Microelectromech. Sys. 19, 721–734 (2010)
L.Y. Chen, B.C.-K. Tee, A.L. Chortos, G. Schwartz, V. Tse, D.J. Lipomi et al., Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care. Nat. Commun. 5, 5028 (2014)
H. Fuketa, K. Yoshioka, T. Yokota, W. Yukita, M. Koizumi, M. Sekino et al., 30.3 Organic-transistor-based 2 kV ESD-tolerant flexible wet sensor sheet for biomedical applications with wireless power and data transmission using 13.56 MHz magnetic resonance, in Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2014 IEEE International, 2014, pp. 490–491
W. Honda, S. Harada, T. Arie, S. Akita, K. Takei, Wearable, human-interactive, health-monitoring, wireless devices fabricated by macroscale printing techniques. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 3299–3304 (2014)
J. Kim, A. Banks, H. Cheng, Z.. Xie, S. Xu, K.-I. Jang et al., Epidermal electronics with advanced capabilities in near-field communication. Small 11, 906–912 (2015)
J. Kim, A. Banks, Z. Xie, S.Y. Heo, P. Gutruf, J.W. Lee et al., Miniaturized flexible electronic systems with wireless power and near-field communication capabilities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 4761–4767 (2015)
K. Myny, B. Cobb, J.L. van der Steen, A.K. Tripathi, J. Genoe, G. Gelinck et al., 16.3 Flexible thin-film NFC tags powered by commercial USB reader device at 13.56 MHz, in Solid- State Circuits Conference—(ISSCC), 2015 IEEE International, 2015, pp. 1–3
M. Murugesan, J.C. Bea, T. Fukushima, T. Konno, K. Kiyoyama, W. C. Jeong et al., Cu lateral interconnects formed between 100-µm-thick self-assembled chips on flexible substrates, in Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 2009. ECTC 2009. 59th, 2009, pp. 1496–1501
T.-Y. Chao, Y.T. Cheng, Wafer-level chip scale flexible wireless microsystem fabrication, in IEEE 24th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2011, pp. 344–347
H. Rempp, J. Burghartz, C. Harendt, N. Pricopi, M. Pritschow, C. Reuter et al., Ultra-thin chips on foil for flexible electronics, in Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2008. ISSCC 2008. Digest of Technical Papers. IEEE International, 2008, pp. 334–617
P. Mostafalu, W. Lenk, M. Dokmeci, B. Ziaie, A. Khademhosseini, S. Sonkusale, Wireless flexible smart bandage for continuous monitoring of wound oxygenation, in Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), 2014 IEEE, 2014, pp. 456–459
J.G. McCall, T.-I. Kim, G. Shin, X. Huang, Y.H. Jung, R. Al-Hasani et al., Fabrication and application of flexible, multimodal light-emitting devices for wireless optogenetics. Nat. Protoc. 8, 2413–2428, (2013)
S. Xu, Y. Zhang, L. Jia, K.E. Mathewson, K.-I. Jang, J. Kim et al., Soft microfluidic assemblies of sensors, circuits, and radios for the skin. Science 344, 70–74 (2014)
B. Otis, B. Parviz, Introducing our smart contact lens project, in Google Official Blog vol. 2015, ed. by Google (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jung, Y.H., Zhang, H., Ma, Z. (2016). Wireless Applications of Conformal Bioelectronics. In: Rogers, J., Ghaffari, R., Kim, DH. (eds) Stretchable Bioelectronics for Medical Devices and Systems. Microsystems and Nanosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28694-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28694-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28692-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28694-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)