Abstract
The development of ultra-compliant power sources is prerequisite to the realization of imperceptible biomedical systems destined to be worn or implanted in the human body. This chapter assesses the viability of conformal piezo and triboelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic technologies as power sources for biomedical applications. It begins by identifying the amount of energy available to each of these modes of power conversion and then gives a brief overview on the methods of fabricating stretchable electronic devices using deterministic structures, random composites, or molecularly stretchable electronic materials. It then provides a detailed description of innovations in “soft power,” where the mentioned design techniques have been employed to develop mechanically compliant power scavengers amenable to integration with stretchable medical devices. The chapter concludes with an analysis of system level power requirements and application specific compatibility, the result of which identifies piezoelectrics and triboelectrics as well suited for intermittent and implantable devices, such as low-power pacemakers for piezoelectrics or higher power wearables and neural stimulators for triboelectrics. Thermoelectrics are highly compatible with epidermal and wearable applications, and can be used as a consistent source of power for tattoo chemical or heat sensors, and photovoltaics can generate large amounts of power in full sun, for high power applications like cochlear implants, or less energy in diffuse or ambient light, for powering hearing aids.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
D.-H. Kim, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Mater. 20, 4887 (2008)
J.A. Rogers, T. Someya, Y. Huang, Science 327, 1603 (2010)
D.-H. Kim, J. Song, W.M. Choi, H.-S. Kim, R.-H. Kim, Z. Liu, Y.Y. Huang, K.-C. Hwang, Y. Zhang, J. Rogers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 18675 (2008)
M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwödiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, T. Someya, Nature 499, 458 (2013)
D. Ghezzi, M.R. Antognazza, R. Maccarone, S. Bellani, E. Lanzarini, N. Martino, M. Mete, G. Perile, S. Bisti, G. Lanzani, F. Benfenati, Nat. Photon. 7, 400 (2013)
L. Xu, S.R. Gutbrod, A.P. Bonifas, Y. Su, M.S. Sulkin, N. Lu, H.-J. Chung, K.-I. Jang, Z. Liu, M. Ying, C. Lu, R.C. Webb, J.-S. Kim, J.I. Laughner, H. Cheng, Y. Liu, A. Ameen, J.-W. Jeong, G.-T. Kim, Y. Huang, I.R. Efimov, J. Rogers, Nat. Commun. 5, 3329 (2014)
T.F. O’Connor, K.M. Rajan, A.D. Printz, D.J. Lipomi, Mater. Chem. B 3, 4947 (2015)
C.Y. Sue, N.C. Tsai, Appl. Energy 93, 390 (2012)
J. Yun, S.N. Patel, M.S. Reynolds, G.D. Abowd, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 10, 669 (2011)
T. Starner, IBM Syst. J. 35, 618 (1996)
Z. Li, G. Zhu, R. Yang, A.C. Wang, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 22, 2534 (2010)
M. Deterre, E. Lefeuvre, Y. Zhu, M. Woytasik, B. Boutaud, R.D.J. Molin, Microelectromech. Syst. 23, 651 (2014)
R. Riemer, A. Shapiro, J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 8, 22 (2011)
L.C. Rome, L. Flynn, E.M. Goldman, T.D. Yoo, Science 309, 1725 (2005)
C. Sun, J. Shi, D.J. Bayerl, X. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 4508 (2011)
R. Yang, Y. Qin, C. Li, G. Zhu, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 9, 1201 (2009)
V. Coman, R. Ludwig, W. Harreither, D. Haltrich, L. Gorton, T. Ruzgas, S. Shleev, Fuel Cells 10, 9 (2010)
C. Pan, Y. Fang, H. Wu, M. Ahmad, Z. Luo, Q. Li, J. Xie, X. Yan, L. Wu, Z.L. Wang, J. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 22, 5388 (2010)
A.J. Bandodkar, W. Jia, J. Wang, Electroanalysis 27, 562 (2015)
E. Katz, in, ed. by E. Katz, Implantable Bioelectronics (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014), p. 363
M. Deterre, Toward an Energy Harvester for Leadless Pacemakers (University of Paris-Sud, 2013)
M. Kaltenbrunner, G. Kettlgruber, C. Siket, R. Schwödiauer, S. Bauer, Adv. Mater. 22, 2065 (2010)
S. Xu, Y. Zhang, J. Cho, J. Lee, X. Huang, L. Jia, J.a Fan, Y. Su, J. Su, H. Zhang, H. Cheng, B. Lu, C. Yu, C. Chuang, T.-I. Kim, T. Song, K. Shigeta, S. Kang, C. Dagdeviren, I. Petrov, P.V. Braun, Y. Huang, U. Paik, J.A. Rogers, Nat. Commun. 4, 1543 (2013)
L. Hu, H. Wu, F. La Mantia, Y. Yang, Y. Cui, ACS Nano 4, 5843 (2010)
S. Savagatrup, A.D. Printz, T.F. O’Connor, A.V. Zaretski, D.J. Lipomi, Chem. Mater. 26, 3028 (2014)
S.P. Lacour, J. Jones, S. Wagner, Proc. IEEE 93, 1459 (2005)
J. Fan, W.-H. Yeo, Y. Su, Y. Hattori, W. Lee, S.-Y. Jung, Y. Zhang, Z. Liu, H. Cheng, L. Falgout, M. Bajema, T. Coleman, D. Gregoire, R.J. Larsen, Y. Huang, J. Rogers, Nat. Commun. 5, 3266 (2014)
D.-Y. Khang, J.a. Rogers, H.H. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 1526 (2009)
Z. Yu, X. Niu, Z. Liu, Q. Pei, Adv. Mater. 23, 3989 (2011)
J. Liang, L. Li, K. Tong, Z. Ren, W. Hu, X. Niu, Y. Chen, Q. Pei, ACS Nano 8, 1590 (2014)
D.J. Lipomi, M. Vosgueritchian, B.C.-K. Tee, S.L. Hellstrom, J.A. Lee, C.H. Fox, Z. Bao, Nat. Nanotech. 6, 788 (2011)
S.P. Lacour, D. Chan, S. Wagner, T. Li, Z. Suo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204103 (2006)
P. Lee, J. Lee, H. Lee, J. Yeo, S. Hong, K.H. Nam, D. Lee, S.S. Lee, S.H. Ko, Adv. Mater. 24, 3326 (2012)
G. Kettlgruber, M. Kaltenbrunner, C.M. Siket, R. Moser, I.M. Graz, R. Schwödiauer, S.J. Bauer, Mater. Chem. A 1, 5505 (2013)
F.C. Krebs, N. Espinosa, M. Hösel, R.R. Søndergaard, M. Jørgensen, Adv. Mater. 26, 29 (2014)
S. Savagatrup, A.D. Printz, H. Wu, K.M. Rajan, E.J. Sawyer, A.V. Zaretski, C.J. Bettinger, D.J. Lipomi, Synth. Met. 203, 208 (2015)
J. Liang, L. Li, X. Niu, Z. Yu, Q. Pei, Nat. Photonics 7, 817 (2013)
T.F. O’Connor, A.V. Zaretski, B.A. Shiravi, S. Savagatrup, A.D. Printz, M.I. Diaz, D.J. Lipomi, Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 370 (2014)
G.T. Hwang, H. Park, J.H. Lee, S. Oh, KIl Park, M. Byun, H. Park, G. Ahn, C.K. Jeong, K. No, H. Kwon, S.G. Lee, B. Joung, K. Lee, J. Adv. Mater. 26, 4880 (2014)
Y. Qi, M.C. McAlpine, Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 1275 (2010)
M. Lee, C.Y. Chen, S. Wang, S.N. Cha, Y.J. Park, J.M. Kim, L.J. Chou, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 24, 1759 (2012)
Y. Qi, J. Kim, T.D. Nguyen, B. Lisko, P.K. Purohit, M.C. McAlpine, Nano Lett. 11, 1331 (2011)
S. Xu, Y.W. Yeh, G. Poirier, M.C. McAlpine, R.A. Register, N. Yao, Nano Lett. 13, 2393 (2013)
T. Huang, C. Wang, H. Yu, H. Wang, Q. Zhang, M. Zhu, Nano Energy 14, 226 (2015)
C.K. Jeong, J. Lee, S. Han, J. Ryu, G.-T. Hwang, D.Y. Park, J.H. Park, S.S. Lee, M. Byun, S.H. Ko, K. Lee, J. Adv. Mater. 27, 2866 (2015)
J.H. We, S.J. Kim, B.J. Cho, Energy 73, 506 (2014)
S.J. Kim, J.H. We, B.J. Cho, Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7 (1959)
D.J. Lipomi, Z. Bao, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 3314 (2011)
J. Lee, J. Wu, M. Shi, J. Yoon, SIl Park, M. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Adv. Mater. 23, 986 (2011)
Z. Yang, J. Deng, X. Sun, H. Li, H. Peng, Adv. Mater. 26, 2643 (2014)
M. Kaltenbrunner, M.S. White, E.D. Głowacki, T. Sekitani, T. Someya, N.S. Sariciftci, S. Bauer, Nat. Commun. 3, 770 (2012)
T.F. O’Connor, A.V. Zaretski, S. Savagatrup, A.D. Printz, C.D. Wilkes, M.I. Diaz, E.J. Sawyer, D.J. Lipomi, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 144, 438 (2016)
D.J. Lipomi, B.C.-K. Tee, M. Vosgueritchian, Z. Bao, Adv. Mater. 23, 1771 (2011)
S. Savagatrup, A.S. Makaram, D.J. Burke, D.J. Lipomi, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 1169 (2014)
M. Haugland, C. Childs, M. Ladouceur, J. Haase, T. Sinkjaer, in Proceedings of the 5th Annual IFESS Conference (2000), p. 59
G.M. Lyons, T. Sinkjær, J.H. Burridge, D.J. Wilcox, IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 10, 260 (2002)
M.W. Baker, A Low-Power Cochlear Implant System, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2007)
P.P. Mercier, A.C. Lysaght, S. Bandyopadhyay, A.P. Chandrakasan, K.M. Stankovic, Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 1240 (2012)
D.-H. Kim, N. Lu, R. Ma, Y.-S. Kim, R.-H. Kim, S. Wang, J. Wu, S.M. Won, H. Tao, A. Islam, K.J. Yu, T. Kim, R. Chowdhurry, M. Ying, L. Xu, M. Li, H.-J. Chung, H. Keum, M. McCormick, P. Liu, Y.-W. Zhang, F.G. Omenetto, Y. Huang, T. Coleman, J.A. Rogers, Science 333, 838 (2011)
A.J. Bandodkar, W. Jia, C. Yard, X. Wang, J. Ramirez, J. Wang, Anal. Chem. 87, 394 (2015)
C. Dagdeviren, B.D. Yang, Y. Su, P.L. Tran, P. Joe, E. Anderson, J. Xia, V. Doraiswamy, B. Dehdashti, X. Feng, B. Lu, R. Poston, Z. Khalpey, R. Ghaffari, Y. Huang, M.J. Slepian, J. Rogers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 (1927)
M. Deterre, B. Boutaud, R. Dalmolin, S. Boisseau, J.-J. Chaillout, E. Lefeuvre, E. Dufour-Gergam, in 2011 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS (DTIP) (2011), p. 387
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Connor, T.F., Savagatrup, S., Lipomi, D.J. (2016). Soft Power: Stretchable and Ultra-Flexible Energy Sources for Wearable and Implantable Devices. In: Rogers, J., Ghaffari, R., Kim, DH. (eds) Stretchable Bioelectronics for Medical Devices and Systems. Microsystems and Nanosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28694-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28694-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28692-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28694-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)