Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Flow Experience pp 329–350Cite as

Experimental Paradigms to Investigate Flow-Experience and Its Psychophysiology: Inspired from Stress Theory and Research

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

In this chapter, we present new psychological and physiological research paradigms to assess and investigate flow-experience. We compare flow theory and research with concepts of challenge and threat, as well as with mental effort. By taking a closer look at physiological processes during challenge and threat and during mental effort, we outline physiological measures that might relate to flow-experience but have not yet been considered by flow-research yet. Also, we describe research paradigms from the research-traditions of challenge and threat and mental effort and discuss applications for flow-research. Within this chapter, we aim at stimulating experimental research on flow-experience for a better understanding of its psychological and physiological mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aasman, J., Mulder, G., & Mulder, L. J. (1987). Operator effort and the measurement of heart-rate variability. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 29(2), 161–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abuhamdeh, S., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations in the competitive context: An examination of person–situation interactions. Journal of Personality, 77(5), 1615–1635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahern, S. K., & Beatty, J. (1979). Physiological signs of information processing vary with intelligence. Science, 205, 1289–1292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi, L., Wdowczyk-Szulc, J., Valenti, C., Castoldi, S., Passino, C., Spadacini, G., & Sleight, P. (2000). Effects of controlled breathing, mental activity and mental stress with or without verbalization on heart rate variability. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 35(6), 1462–1469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Quigley, K. S. (1993). Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: Empirical perspectives and conceptual implications. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 296–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blascovich, J. (2008). Challenge and threat. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 431–446). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Social psychophysiology and embodiment. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 194–227). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 1–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Salomon, K. (1999). Social “facilitation” as challenge and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 68–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blitz, P. S., Hoogstraten, J., & Mulder, G. (1970). Mental load, heart rate and heart rate variability. Psychologische Forschung, 33, 277–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, C. F., & Titus, L. J. (1983). Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies. Psychological Bulletin, 94(2), 265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bongard, S. (1995). Mental effort during active and passive coping: A dual task analysis. Psychophysiology, 32, 242–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, J. L. (1968). Pupil size and problem solving. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20(2), 116–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, J. W., & Self, E. A. (1989). The intensity of motivation. Annual Review of Psychology, 40(1), 109–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brickenkamp, R. (1981). Test d2. Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie J. Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brom, C., Buchtová, M., Šisler, V., Děchtěrenko, F., Palme, R., & Glenk, L. M. (2014). Flow, social interaction anxiety and salivary cortisol responses in serious games: A quasi-experimental study. Computers & Education, 79, 69–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cottrell, N. B., Wack, D. L., Sekevak, G. J., & Rittle, R. H. (1968). Social facilitation of dominant responses by the presence of an audience and the mere presence of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 245–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety (The Jossey-Bass behavioral science series 1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(9), 526–536.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., Hazlett, E. A., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Filion, D. L. (2000). On the clinical and cognitive meaning of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 96(3), 187–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Manzano, Ö., Theorell, T., Harmat, L., & Ullén, F. (2010). The psychophysiology of flow during piano playing. Emotion, 10(3), 301–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • del Paso, G. A. R., Langewitz, W., Robles, H., & Pérez, N. (1996). A between-subjects comparison of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity as non-invasive measures of tonic parasympathetic cardiac control. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 22(3), 163–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Bernadi, L. C., Takase, E., & Darby, D. (2009). Heart rate variability and cognitive function: Effects of physical effort. Biological Psychology, 82, 186–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstbier, R. A. (1989). Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review, 96(1), 84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engeser, S., & Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance. Motivation and Emotion, 32(3), 158–172. doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9102-.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, M. W. (1979). Anxiety, learning, and memory: A reconceptualization. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(4), 363–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, S. H., & Houston, K. (2004). A metabolic measure of mental effort. Biological Psychology, 66(2), 177–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenhaeuser, M., & Lundberg, U. (1985). Sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenal response to challenge. In Biological psychiatry, higher nervous activity (pp. 699–704). New York: Springer US.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard, A. W. K., & Kramer, A. F. (2001). Theoretical and methodological issues in psychophysiological research. In R. W. Backs & W. Boucsein (Eds.), Engineering psychophysiology (pp. 31–58). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., … & Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendolla, G. H., & Krüsken, J. (2001). The joint impact of mood state and task difficulty on cardiovascular and electrodermal reactivity in active coping. Psychophysiology, 38(03), 548–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gendolla, G. H., & Richter, M. (2005). Ego involvement and effort: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and performance effects. Psychophysiology, 42(5), 595–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton, A. C. (1980). Arterial pressure and hypertension. Philadelphia: Saunders WB Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmat, L., de Manzano, Ö., Theorell, T., Högman, L., Fischer, H., & Ullén, F. (2015). Physiological correlates of the flow experience during computer game playing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 97(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. P. (1993). Biological basis of the stress response. Physiology, 8(2), 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, K. H., & Polt, J. M. (1964). Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving. Science, 143, 1190–1192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hjortskov, N., Rissen, D., Blangsted, A. K., Fallentin, N., Lundberg, U., & Sogaard, K. (2004). The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 84–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hockey, G. R. J. (1993). Cognitive-energetical control mechanisms in the management of work demands and psychological health. In A. D. Baddeley & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), Attention, selection, awareness and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent (pp. 328–345). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockey, G. R. J. (1997). Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework. Biological Psychology, 45, 73–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorna, P. G. A. M. (1992). Spectral analysis of heart rate and psychological state: A review of its validity as a workload index. Biological Psychology, 34(2), 237–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Beatty, J. (1966). Pupil diameter and load on memory. Science, 154(3756), 1583–1585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Beatty, J. (1967). Pupillary responses in a pitch-discrimination task. Perception & Psychophysics, 2(3), 101–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalsbeek, J. W. H., & Ettema, J. H. (1964). Physiological and psychological evaluation of distraction stress. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Congress On Ergonomics (pp. 443–447). London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J., & Bless, H. (2008). Flow and regulatory compatibility: An experimental approach to the flow model of intrinsic motivation. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 196–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J., Bless, H., Blomann, F., & Kleinböhl, D. (2011a). Physiological aspects of flow experiences: Skills-demand-compatibility effects on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(4), 849–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J., Ringelhan, S., & Blomann, F. (2011b). Does skills–demands compatibility result in intrinsic motivation? Experimental test of a basic notion proposed in the theory of flow-experiences. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(5), 408–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The “Trier Social Stress Test” – A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28(1–2), 76–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kivikangas, J. M. (2006). Psychophysiology of flow experience: An explorative study. Faculty of behavioural sciences, department of psychology. Master’s thesis. Retrieved from http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/kay/psyko/pg/kivikangas

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, K. C. (1981). Cardiovascular responses to effortful active coping: Implications for the role of stress in hypertension development. Psychophysiology, 18, 216–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, K. C., & Obrist, P. A. (1983). Task difficulty, heart rate reactivity, and cardiovascular responses to an appetitive reaction time task. Psychophysiology, 20(3), 301–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R., Wilson, M. F., Pincomb, G. A., Edwards, G. L., Tompkins, P., & Brackett, D. J. (1985). Activation patterns to aversive stimulation in man: Passive exposure versus effort to control. Psychophysiology, 22, 283–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, C. A., Hall, J. L., & Gold, P. E. (1990). Glucose effects on memory and other neuropsychological tests in elderly humans. Psychological Science, 1(5), 307–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moller, A. C., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Nakamura, J., & Deci, E. I. (2007, February). Developing an experimental induction of flow. Poster presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Memphis, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, S., Yadav, R., Yung, I., Zajdel, D. P., & Oken, B. S. (2011). Sensitivity to mental effort and test–retest reliability of heart rate variability measures in healthy seniors. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(10), 2059–2066.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, G., & Mulder, L. J. M. (1981). Information processing and cardiovascular control. Psychophysiology, 18(4), 392–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nacke, L. E., & Lindley, C. A. (2009). Affective ludology, flow and immersion in a first-person shooter: Measurement of player experience. Loading…, 3(5), 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.00.

  • Obrist, P. A. (1976). The cardiovascular‐behavioral interaction—As it appears today. Psychophysiology, 13(2), 95–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obrist, P. A. (1981). Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, D. T., Parry, M. K., & Harasymin, S. J. (1968). Percentage of papillary dilation as a measure of item difficulty. Perception and Psychophysics, 4, 139–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peifer, C. (2012). Psychophysiological correlates of flow-experience. In S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in flow research (pp. 139–165). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Peifer, C., Schulz, A., Schächinger, H., Baumann, N., & Antoni, C. H. (2014). The relation of flow-experience and physiological arousal under stress – Can u shape it? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 53, 62–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peifer, C., Schächinger, H., Engeser, S., & Antoni, C. H. (2015). Cortisol effects on flow-experience. Psychopharmacology, 232(6), 1165–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M. L., Godaert, G. L., Ballieux, R. E., van Vliet, M., Willemsen, J. J., Sweep, F. C., & Heijnen, C. J. (1998). Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to experimental stress: Effects of mental effort and controllability. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(1), 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redondo, M., & Del Valle-Inclán, F. (1992). Decrements in heart rate variability during memory search. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 13, 29–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rheinberg, F. (2010). Intrinsische Motivation und Flow-Erleben [Intrinsic motivation and flow experience]. In J. Heckhausen & H. Heckhausen (Eds.), Motivation und Handeln [Motivation and action] (4th ed., pp. 365–388). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheinberg, F., & Vollmeyer, R. (2003). Flow-Erleben in einem Computerspiel unter experimentell variierten Bedingungen [Flow-experience in a computer game under experimentally controlled conditions]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 211, 161–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, M., & Gendolla, G. H. (2009). The heart contracts to reward: Monetary incentives and preejection period. Psychophysiology, 46(3), 451–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, M., Friedrich, A., & Gendolla, G. H. (2008). Task difficulty effects on cardiac activity. Psychophysiology, 45(5), 869–875.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schächinger, H., Weinbacher, M., Kiss, A., Ritz, R., & Langewitz, W. (2001). Cardiovascular indices of peripheral and central sympathetic activation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 788–796.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholey, A. B., Laing, S., & Kennedy, D. O. (2006). Blood glucose changes and memory: Effects of manipulating emotionality and mental effort. Biological Psychology, 71(1), 12–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, L., Haddad, L., & Schachinger, H. (2008). HPA axis activation by a socially evaluated cold-pressor test. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(6), 890–895.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwerdtfeger, A. (2004). Predicting autonomic reactivity to public speaking: Don’t get fixed on self-report data! International Journal of Psychophysiology, 52(3), 217–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seery, M. D. (2011). Challenge or threat? Cardiovascular indexes of resilience and vulnerability to potential stress in humans. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(7), 1603–1610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seta, C. E., & Seta, J. J. (1992). Increments and decrements in mean arterial pressure as a function of audience composition: An averaging and summation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(2), 173–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, A., Dolan, C. A., & Light, K. C. (1990). Hemodynamics of blood pressure responses during active and passive coping. Psychophysiology, 27, 656–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W., Baldwin, M., & Christensen, A. J. (1990). Interpersonal influence as active coping: Effects of task difficulty on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology, 27, 429–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storey, P. L., Wright, R. A., & Williams, B. J. (1996). Need as a moderator of the difficulty-cardiovascular response relation: The case of fluid deprivation. Journal of Psychophysiology, 10, 228–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology. (1996). Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal, 17(3), 354–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, L. A., & Rachman, S. J. (1988). The effects of blood sugar level changes on cognitive function, affective state, and somatic symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11(3), 279–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnsen, B. H. (2009). Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: The neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 141–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kelsey, R. M., & Leitten, C. L. (1993). Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tozman, T., Burns, B., & Vollmeyer, R. (2014). The biology of flow during chess and poker play. Talk, 02.07.2014, 7th European Conference on Positive Psychology, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozman, T., Magdas, E.S., MacDougall, H.G., Vollmeyer, R. (2015). Understanding the psychophysiology of flow: A driving simulator experiment to investigate the relationship between flow and heart rate variability. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 408–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozman, T., Zhang, Y. Y., & Vollmeyer, R. (2016). Inverted U-shaped function between flow and cortisol release during chess play. Journal of Happiness Studies 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9, 507–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, M., Keller, J., Hoenig, K., Waller, C., & Grön, G. (2014). Neural correlates of experimentally induced flow experiences. NeuroImage, 86, 194–202. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veltman, J. A., & Gaillard, A. W. K. (1993). Indices of mental workload in a complex task environment. Neuropsychobiology, 28(1–2), 72–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. A. (1996). Brehms theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 424–453). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. A., & Lockard, S. (2006). Sex, outcome expectancy, and cardiovascular response to a masculine challenge. Psychophysiology, 43(2), 190–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasumasu, T., del Paso, G. A. R., Takahara, K., & Nakashima, Y. (2006). Reduced baroreflex cardiac sensitivity predicts increased cognitive performance. Psychophysiology, 43(1), 41–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2p2), 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Tahmine Tozman

  2. Department of Applied Psychology in Health, Work and Development, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Corinna Peifer

Authors
  1. Tahmine Tozman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Corinna Peifer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tahmine Tozman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    László Harmat

  2. Department of Education, University of Aarhus, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Frans Ørsted Andersen

  3. Department of Education, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

    Fredrik Ullén

  4. School of Health Professionals, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom

    Jon Wright

  5. School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, East Bourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom

    Gaynor Sadlo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tozman, T., Peifer, C. (2016). Experimental Paradigms to Investigate Flow-Experience and Its Psychophysiology: Inspired from Stress Theory and Research. In: Harmat, L., Ørsted Andersen, F., Ullén, F., Wright, J., Sadlo, G. (eds) Flow Experience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28634-1_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation