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Neurorehabilitation Technology pp 513–532Cite as

Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy: Recovery of Function Following Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke

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Abstract

Electrical stimulation is a tool that applies low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate muscle contractions. If electrical stimulation is used to enable functional movements, such as walking and grasping, then this intervention is called functional electrical stimulation (FES). When FES is used as a therapy instead of being used as an orthosis, it is called FES therapy or FET. In this chapter, we introduce recent findings and advances in the field of FET. The findings to date clearly show that FET for reaching and grasping is a therapeutic modality that should be implemented in every rehabilitation institution that is treating patients with stroke and SCI. There is also considerable evidence to support the use of FET as a therapeutic modality to treat drop-foot problem in both stroke and incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) populations. Although phase I randomized control trials have been completed with chronic SCI population using this new FET technology and preliminary findings are encouraging, further R&D is required before the multichannel FET for walking will be ready for prime time clinical implementation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Milos R. Popovic PhD, Dipl El Eng

  2. Lyndhurst Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Milos R. Popovic PhD, Dipl El Eng & Kei Masani PhD

  3. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Silvestro Micera PhD

  4. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Silvestro Micera PhD

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  1. Milos R. Popovic PhD, Dipl El Eng
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  2. Kei Masani PhD
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  3. Silvestro Micera PhD
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Correspondence to Milos R. Popovic PhD, Dipl El Eng .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    David J. Reinkensmeyer

  2. Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland

    Volker Dietz

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Popovic, M.R., Masani, K., Micera, S. (2016). Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy: Recovery of Function Following Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke. In: Reinkensmeyer, D., Dietz, V. (eds) Neurorehabilitation Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28603-7_25

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