Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sphenocleaceae

Sphenocleaceae (Lindley) Baskerville, Affin. Pl.: 110 (1839), nom. cons.Sphenocleoideae Lindley (1836).Sphenocleeae A. Gray (1878).

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Flowering Plants. Eudicots

Part of the book series: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ((FAMILIES GENERA,volume 14))

  • 1571 Accesses

Abstract

Erect annual glabrous herbs, up to 1.5 m tall. Roots fibrous. Stems fistulose, fleshy or spongy, freely branching. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate, petiolate; lamina pinnately veined, margin entire. Inflorescence a dense terminal pedunculate acropetal conico-cylindric spike. Flowers small, tetracyclic, perfect, radially symmetrical, subtended by an inconspicuous spathulate bract and a pair of linear bracteoles. Calyx synsepalous, adnate to the ovary, forming a hypanthium; lobes 5, imbricate, persistent. Corolla sympetalous, radially symmetric, white or pale yellow, urceolate-campanulate, caducous; lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla lobes; filaments distinct, adnate to the middle of the corolla tube, slightly dilated at base; anthers tetrasporangiate, dithecal, basifixed, distinct. Nectary 0. Gynoecium syncarpous, 2-locular; ovary half-inferior; ovules numerous; placentae axile, spongy; style simple, short or almost wanting; stigma capitate. Fruit a circumscissile capsule, enclosed by the accrescent calyx lobes. Seeds small, oblong, yellowish brown, shining, numerous, exarillate, testa striate; embryo straight; endosperm very scanty or lacking.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Selected Bibliography

  • Airy Shaw, H.K. 1948. Sphenocleaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) Flora Males. I, 4(1). Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, pp. 27–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Airy Shaw, H.K. 1973. A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, ed. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • d’Almeida, J.F.R. 1934. On the development of secondary aerating tissues in the stem of Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 1934: 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentham, G. 1876. Campanulaceae. In: Bentham, G., Hooker, J.D., Genera plantarum 2: 541–564. London: Reeve.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosner, M.E., Jansen, R.K., Lammers, T.G. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in the Campanulales based on rbcL sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 190: 79–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, R.M.T. 1975. A system of classification of the angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters. Bot. Not. 128: 119–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, R.M.T. 1980. A revised system of classification of the angiosperms. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 91–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, A. 1975. On pollen of Campanulaceae and related families with special reference to the surface ultrastructure II. Campanulaceae subfam. Cyphioideae and subfam. Lobelioideae; Goodeniaceae; Sphenocleaceae. Bot. Not. 128: 102–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erbar, C. 1995. On the floral development of Sphenoclea zeylanica (Sphenocleaceae, Campanulales) – SEM investigations on herbarium material. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 117: 469–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, D.P. 1959. Vascular anatomy of the flower of Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. and some other related species. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India 25B: 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, M.H.G., Bremer, K. 1995. Morphology and phylogenetic interrelationships of the Asteraceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae, Goodeniaceae, and related families (Asterales). Amer. J. Bot. 82: 250–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraia, N., Sakashita, S., Sano, T., Inoue, T., Ohigashi, H., Premasthira, C., Asakawa, Y., Harada, J., Fujii, Y. 2000. Allelochemicals of the tropical weed Sphenoclea zeylanica. Phytochemistry 55: 131–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, J. 1973. The families of flowering plants, ed. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kausik, S.B., Subramanyam, K. 1946. A contribution to the life-history of Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 23B: 274–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammers, T.G. 1992. Circumscription and phylogeny of the Campanulales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 388–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohandas, C., Rao, Y.S., Sahu, S.C. 1981. Cultural control of rice root nematodes (Hirschmanniella spp.) with Sphenoclea zeylanica. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Animal Sci. 90: 373–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monod, T. 1980. A propos du Sphenoclea zeylanica (Sphenocleaceae). Adansonia II, 20: 147–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porembski, S., Koch, M. 1999. Inulin occurrence in Sphenoclea (Sphenocleaceae). Plant Biol. 1: 288–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosatti, T.J. 1986. The genera of Sphenocleaceae and Campanulaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arb. 67: 1–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schönland, S. 1889. Campanulaceae. In: Natürl. Pflanzenfamilien IV(5). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, pp. 40–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D.E., Smith, S.A., Cellinese, N., Wurdack, K.J., Tank, D.C., Brockington, S.F., Refulio-Rodriguez, N.F., Walker, J.B., Moore, M.J., Carlsward, B.S., Bell, C.D., Latvis, M., Crawley, S., Black, C., Diouf, D., Xi, Z.X., Rushworth, C.A., Gitzendanner, M.A., Sytsma, K.J., Qiu, Y.L., Hilu, K.W., Davis, C.C., Sanderson, M.J., Beaman, R.S., Olmstead, R.G., Judd, W.S., Donoghue, M.J., Soltis, P.S. 2011. Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa. Amer. J. Bot. 98: 704–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanyam, K. 1950. A contribution to our knowledge of the systematic position of the Sphenocleaceae. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 31(B): 60–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takhtajan, A. 1980. Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Bot. Rev. 46: 225–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takhtajan, A. 1981. Plant Life, vol. 5(2). Moskau: Proswjestschenije (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Takhtajan, A. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, R.F. 1976. A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae. In: Hecht, M.K., Steere, W.C., Wallace, B. (eds.) Evolutionary Biology 9. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 35–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, R.F. 1992. Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58: 225–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenitz, G. 1964. Reihe Campanulales. In: Melchior, H. (ed.) A. Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 12, 2. Berlin: Bornträger, pp. 478–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbur, R.L. 1976. Flora of Panama, Campanulaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 593–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA

    T. G. Lammers

Authors
  1. T. G. Lammers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. G. Lammers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Johannes Gutenberg, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Joachim W. Kadereit

  2. Campinas, Brazil

    Volker Bittrich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lammers, T.G. (2016). Sphenocleaceae. In: Kadereit, J., Bittrich, V. (eds) Flowering Plants. Eudicots. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28534-4_30

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation