Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Definitions and Epidemiology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

Abstract

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common complications of prematurity that results from abnormal lung development and impaired lung function. Multiple diagnostic criteria have been developed over the years to define BPD and determine its severity and long-term prognosis. This chapter provides an update on the changes in epidemiology of BPD, describes the rationale behind different definitions, and discusses their advantages and limitations in face of the changing epidemiology of BPD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tepper RS, Morgan WJ, Cota K, Taussig LM. Expiratory flow limitation in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1986;109:1040–6. PMID: 3783328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gerhardt T, Hehre D, Feller R, Reifenberg L, Bancalari E. Serial determination of pulmonary function in infants with chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1987;110:448–56. PMID: 3819948.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shennan AT, Dunn MS, Ohlsson A, Lennox K, Hoskins EM. Abnormal pulmonary outcomes in premature infants: prediction from oxygen requirement in the neonatal period. Pediatrics. 1988;82:527–32. PMID: 3174313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Palta M, Sadek-Badawi M, Evans M, Weinstein MR, McGuinnes G. Functional assessment of a multicenter very low-birth-weight cohort at age 5 years: newborn lung project. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:23–30. PMID: 10632246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baraldi E, Filippone M, Trevisanuto D, Zanardo V, Zacchello F. Pulmonary function until two years of life in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:149–55. PMID: 9001304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Korhonen P, Laitinen J, Hyodynmaa E, Tammela O. Respiratory outcome in school-aged, very-low-birth-weight children in the surfactant era. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93:316–21. PMID: 15124832.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Doyle LW, The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Respiratory function at age 8–9 years in extremely low birthweight/very preterm children born in Victoria in 1991–92. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:570–6. PMID: 22826206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Northway Jr WH, Rosen RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline membrane disease: bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 1967;276: 357–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Walsh MC, Hale EC, Newman NS, Schibler K, Carlo WA, Kennedy KA, Poindexter BB, Finer NN, Ehrenkranz RA, Duara S, Sánchez PJ, O’Shea TM, Goldberg RN, Van Meurs KP, Faix RG, Phelps DL, Frantz 3rd ID, Watterberg KL, Saha S, Das A, Higgins RD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics. 2010;126:443–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Stroustrup A, Trasande L. Epidemiological characteristics and resource use in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 1993–2006. Pediatrics. 2010;126:291–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Margraf LR, Tomashefski Jr JF, Bruce MC, Dahms BB. Morphometric analysis of the lung in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:391–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Husain AN, Siddiqui NH, Stocker JT. Pathology of arrested acinar development in postsurfactant bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Hum Pathol. 1998;29:710–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Thibeault DW, Mabry SM, Ekekezie II, Zhang X, Truog WE. Collagen scaffolding during development and its deformation with chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2003;111:766–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Coalson JJ, Winter V, deLemos RA. Decreased alveolarization in baboon survivors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:640–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jobe AJ. The new BPD: an arrest of lung development. Pediatr Res. 1999;46:641–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Abman SH. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease of infancy. Pathogenesis, pathophysiology and treatment. In: Bland RD, Coalson JJ, editors. Chronic lung disease of infancy. New York: Dekker; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Watterberg KL, Demers LM, Scott SM, et al. Chorioamnionitis and early lung inflammation in infants in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops. Pediatrics. 1996;97:210–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yoon BH, Romero R, Jun JK, et al. Amniotic fluid cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-8) and the risk for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:825–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Groneck P, Gotze-Speer B, Oppermann M, et al. Association of pulmonary inflammation and increased microvascular permeability during the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a sequential analysis of inflammatory mediators in respiratory fluids of high-risk preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 1994;93:712–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Pierce MR, Bancalari E. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;19:371–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Groneck P, Speer CP. Inflammatory mediators and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73:F1–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hannaford K, Todd DA, Jeffery H, John E, Blyth K, Gilbert GL. Role of ureaplasma urealyticum in lung disease of prematurity. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:F162–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gonzalez A, Sosenko IRS, Chandar J, Hummler H, Claure N, Bancalari E. Influence of infection on patent ductus arteriosus and chronic lung disease in premature infants weighing 1000 grams or less. J Pediatr. 1996;128:470–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Marshall DD, Kotelchuck M, Young TE, et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: a North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1998;104:1345–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Watterberg KL, Scott SM. Evidence of early adrenal insufficiency in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 1995;95:120–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Gifford KL, et al. Prophylaxis against early adrenal insufficiency to prevent chronic lung disease in premature infants. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1258–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Watterberg KL, Scott SM, Backstrom C, et al. Links between early adrenal function and respiratory outcome in preterm infants: airway inflammation and patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatrics. 2000;150:320–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Parker RA, Pagano M, Allred EN. Improved survival accounts for most, but not all, of the increase in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 1992;90:663–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1995;126:605–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Charafeddine L, D’Angio CT, Phelps DL. Atypical chronic lung disease patterns in neonates. Pediatrics. 1999;103:759–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bancalari E, Claure N, Sosenko IRS. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition. Semin Neonatol. 2003;8:63–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bancalari E, Abdenour GE, Feller R, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical presentation. J Pediatr. 1979;95:819–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bancalari EH, Jobe AH. The respiratory course of extremely preterm infants: a dilemma for diagnosis and terminology. J Pediatr. 2012;161:585–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. NICHD-NHLBI-ORD workshop. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ellsbury DL, Acarregui MJ, McGuinness GA, Klein JM. Variability in the use of supplemental oxygen for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2002;140:247–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Walsh MC, Yao Q, Gettner P, et al. Impact of a physiologic definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1305–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Parekh SA, Field DJ, Johnson S, Juszczak E. Accounting for deaths in neonatal trials: is there a correct approach? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015;100:F193–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Doyle LW, Ehrenkranz RA, Halliday HL. Dexamethasone treatment in the first week of life for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: a systematic review. Neonatology. 2010;98:217–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Coste F, Ferkol T, Hamvas A, Cleveland C, Linneman L, Hoffman J, Kemp J. Ventilatory control and supplemental oxygen in premature infants with apparent chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015;100(3):F233–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR, et al. Validation of the national institutes of health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1353–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Davis PG, Thorpe K, Roberts R, et al. Evaluating “old” definitions for the “new” bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2002;140:555–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1611 NW 12 Avenue, Central Building #740, Miami, FL, 33136, USA

    Eduardo Bancalari MD & Nelson Claure MSc, PhD

Authors
  1. Eduardo Bancalari MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nelson Claure MSc, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eduardo Bancalari MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neonatology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Vineet Bhandari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bancalari, E., Claure, N. (2016). Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Definitions and Epidemiology. In: Bhandari, V. (eds) Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28486-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28486-6_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28484-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28486-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation