Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coagulopathy of Renal Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Trauma Induced Coagulopathy

  • 1947 Accesses

Abstract

Patients with renal disease demonstrate a complex clinical picture with respect to coagulation. The traditional view of the uremic bleeding diathesis is incomplete and, in fact, outdated. In the modern era, severe uremia is rare and the majority of renal disease presents as a chronic condition or an acute organ failure in the context of critical illness or injury. These patients display a paradoxical mixture of bleeding and thrombotic predispositions, which present significant management challenges. This chapter will review both the well-known risk of bleeding and the under-recognized risk of thrombosis in patients with renal disease, with an emphasis on diagnosis and prophylaxis. Complications related to hemodialysis and novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches will be discussed as well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rath CE, Mailliard JA, Schreiner GE. Bleeding tendency in uremia. N Engl J Med. 1957;257(17):808–11. Epub 1957/10/24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Molino D, De Lucia D, Gaspare De Santo N. Coagulation disorders in uremia. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26(1):46–51. Epub 2006/01/18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shapiro FL, Leonard A, Comty CM. Mortality, morbidity and rehabilitation results in regularly dialyzed patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int Suppl. 1974;1:8–14. Epub 1974/10/01.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dinoso Jr VP, Murthy SN, Saris AL, Clearfield HR, Lyons P, Nickey WA, et al. Gastric and pancreatic function in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1982;4(4):321–4. Epub 1982/08/01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Berger HW, Rammohan G, Neff MS, Buhain WJ. Uremic pleural effusion. A study in 14 patients on chronic dialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82(3):362–4. Epub 1975/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Galen MA, Steinberg SM, Lowrie EG, Lazarus JM, Hampers CL, Merrill JP. Hemorrhagic pleural effusion in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82(3):359–61. Epub 1975/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bhasin HK, Dana CL. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage in chronically hemodialyzed patients. Nephron. 1978;22(4–6):322–7. Epub 1978/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carvalho AC. Bleeding in a uremia – a clinical challenge. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(1):38–9. Epub 1983/01/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kleinknecht D, Jungers P, Chanard J, Barbanel C, Ganeval D. Uremic and non-uremic complications in acute renal failure: evaluation of early and frequent dialysis on prognosis. Kidney Int. 1972;1(3):190–6. Epub 1972/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chachati A, Dechenne C, Godon JP. Increased incidence of cerebral hemorrhage mortality in patients with analgesic nephropathy on hemodialysis. Nephron. 1987;45(2):167–8. Epub 1987/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lohr JW, Schwab SJ. Minimizing hemorrhagic complications in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991;2(5):961–75. Epub 1991/11/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Madaio MP. Renal biopsy. Kidney Int. 1990;38(3):529–43. Epub 1990/09/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Galbusera M, Remuzzi G, Boccardo P. Treatment of bleeding in dialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2009;22(3):279–86. Epub 2009/07/04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gaspari F, Vigano G, Orisio S, Bonati M, Livio M, Remuzzi G. Aspirin prolongs bleeding time in uremia by a mechanism distinct from platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. J Clin Invest. 1987;79(6):1788–97. Epub 1987/06/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Eknoyan G, Wacksman SJ, Glueck HI, Will JJ. Platelet function in renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1969;280(13):677–81. Epub 1969/03/27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Astrup AS, Tarnow L, Pietraszek L, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CD, Parving HH, et al. Markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy followed for 10 years: association with mortality and decline of glomerular filtration rate. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(6):1170–6. Epub 2008/03/12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Huang Y, Noble NA. PAI-1 as a target in kidney disease. Curr Drug Targets. 2007;8(9):1007–15. Epub 2007/09/28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sechi LA, Novello M, Colussi G, Di Fabio A, Chiuch A, Nadalini E, et al. Relationship of plasma renin with a prothrombotic state in hypertension: relevance for organ damage. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(12):1347–53. Epub 2008/10/25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Weigert AL, Schafer AI. Uremic bleeding: pathogenesis and therapy. Am J Med Sci. 1998;316(2):94–104. Epub 1998/08/15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Escolar G, Cases A, Bastida E, Garrido M, Lopez J, Revert L, et al. Uremic platelets have a functional defect affecting the interaction of von Willebrand factor with glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. Blood. 1990;76(7):1336–40. Epub 1990/10/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gawaz MP, Dobos G, Spath M, Schollmeyer P, Gurland HJ, Mujais SK. Impaired function of platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;5(1):36–46. Epub 1994/07/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Benigni A, Boccardo P, Galbusera M, Monteagudo J, De Marco L, Remuzzi G, et al. Reversible activation defect of the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex in patients with uremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22(5):668–76. Epub 1993/11/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Escolar G, Diaz-Ricart M, Cases A. Uremic platelet dysfunction: past and present. Curr Hematol Rep. 2005;4(5):359–67. Epub 2005/09/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Maejima M, Takahashi S, Hatano M. Platelet aggregation in chronic renal failure – whole blood aggregation and effect of guanidino compounds. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi. 1991;33(2):201–12. Epub 1991/02/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Marques M, Sacristan D, Mateos-Caceres PJ, Herrero J, Arribas MJ, Gonzalez-Armengol JJ, et al. Different protein expression in normal and dysfunctional platelets from uremic patients. J Nephrol. 2010;23(1):90–101. Epub 2010/01/22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Steiner RW, Coggins C, Carvalho AC. Bleeding time in uremia: a useful test to assess clinical bleeding. Am J Hematol. 1979;7(2):107–17. Epub 1979/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Di Minno G, Martinez J, McKean ML, De La Rosa J, Burke JF, Murphy S. Platelet dysfunction in uremia. Multifaceted defect partially corrected by dialysis. Am J Med. 1985;79(5):552–9. Epub 1985/11/01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zwaginga JJ, Ijsseldijk MJ, de Groot PG, Vos J, de Bos Kuil RL, Sixma JJ. Defects in platelet adhesion and aggregate formation in uremic bleeding disorder can be attributed to factors in plasma. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11(3):733–44. Epub 1991/05/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rabelink TJ, Zwaginga JJ, Koomans HA, Sixma JJ. Thrombosis and hemostasis in renal disease. Kidney Int. 1994;46(2):287–96. Epub 1994/08/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Zwaginga JJ, Ijsseldijk MJ, Beeser-Visser N, de Groot PG, Vos J, Sixma JJ. High von Willebrand factor concentration compensates a relative adhesion defect in uremic blood. Blood. 1990;75(7):1498–508. Epub 1990/04/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Castillo R, Lozano T, Escolar G, Revert L, Lopez J, Ordinas A. Defective platelet adhesion on vessel subendothelium in uremic patients. Blood. 1986;68(2):337–42. Epub 1986/08/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bloom A, Greaves M, Preston FE, Brown CB. Evidence against a platelet cyclooxygenase defect in uraemic subjects on chronic haemodialysis. Br J Haematol. 1986;62(1):143–9. Epub 1986/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Noris M, Remuzzi G. Uremic bleeding: closing the circle after 30 years of controversies? Blood. 1999;94(8):2569–74. Epub 1999/10/09.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Remuzzi G, Perico N, Zoja C, Corna D, Macconi D, Vigano G. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the bleeding tendency of uremia. J Clin Invest. 1990;86(5):1768–71. Epub 1990/11/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Costa-Hong V, Bortolotto LA, Jorgetti V, Consolim-Colombo F, Krieger EM, Lima JJ. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;92(5):381–6, 98–403, 13–8. Epub 2009/07/25.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Moody WE, Edwards NC, Madhani M, Chue CD, Steeds RP, Ferro CJ, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in early-stage chronic kidney disease: cause or association? Atherosclerosis. 2012;223(1):86–94. Epub 2012/02/22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Satoh M. Endothelial dysfunction as an underlying pathophysiological condition of chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2012;16(4):518–21. Epub 2012/06/07.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Eschbach JW. Erythropoietin 1991 – an overview. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;18(4 Suppl 1):3–9. Epub 1991/10/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Livio M, Gotti E, Marchesi D, Mecca G, Remuzzi G, de Gaetano G. Uraemic bleeding: role of anaemia and beneficial effect of red cell transfusions. Lancet. 1982;2(8306):1013–5. Epub 1982/11/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Andrews RK, Berndt MC. Adhesion-dependent signalling and the initiation of haemostasis and thrombosis. Histol Histopathol. 1998;13(3):837–44. Epub 1998/08/05.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Colace TV, Muthard RW, Diamond SL. Thrombus growth and embolism on tissue factor-bearing collagen surfaces under flow: role of thrombin with and without fibrin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(6):1466–76. Epub 2012/04/21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Reimers RC, Sutera SP, Joist JH. Potentiation by red blood cells of shear-induced platelet aggregation: relative importance of chemical and physical mechanisms. Blood. 1984;64(6):1200–6. Epub 1984/12/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Joist JH, Bauman JE, Sutera SP. Platelet adhesion and aggregation in pulsatile shear flow: effects of red blood cells. Thromb Res. 1998;92(6 Suppl 2):S47–52. Epub 1999/01/14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Llach F. Hypercoagulability, renal vein thrombosis, and other thrombotic complications of nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 1985;28(3):429–39. Epub 1985/09/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Robert A, Olmer M, Sampol J, Gugliotta JE, Casanova P. Clinical correlation between hypercoagulability and thrombo-embolic phenomena. Kidney Int. 1987;31(3):830–5. Epub 1987/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Crew RJ, Radhakrishnan J, Appel G. Complications of the nephrotic syndrome and their treatment. Clin Nephrol. 2004;62(4):245–59. Epub 2004/11/05.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Singhal R, Brimble KS. Thromboembolic complications in the nephrotic syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical management. Thromb Res. 2006;118(3):397–407. Epub 2005/07/02.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tarry WC, Moser AJ, Makhoul RG. Peripheral arterial thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome. Surgery. 1993;114(3):618–23. Epub 1993/09/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Parag KB, Somers SR, Seedat YK, Byrne S, Da Cruz CM, Kenoyer G. Arterial thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;15(2):176–7. Epub 1990/02/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mahmoodi BK, ten Kate MK, Waanders F, Veeger NJ, Brouwer JL, Vogt L, et al. High absolute risks and predictors of venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with nephrotic syndrome: results from a large retrospective cohort study. Circulation. 2008;117(2):224–30. Epub 2007/12/26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lionaki S, Derebail VK, Hogan SL, Barbour S, Lee T, Hladunewich M, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with membranous nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(1):43–51. Epub 2011/11/15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Chen TY, Huang CC, Tsao CJ. Hemostatic molecular markers in nephrotic syndrome. Am J Hematol. 1993;44(4):276–9. Epub 1993/12/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Loscalzo J. Venous thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(10):956–8. Epub 2013/03/08.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Alkjaersig N, Fletcher AP, Narayanan M, Robson AM. Course and resolution of the coagulopathy in nephrotic children. Kidney Int. 1987;31(3):772–80. Epub 1987/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jalal DI, Chonchol M, Targher G. Disorders of hemostasis associated with chronic kidney disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36(1):34–40. Epub 2010/04/15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wakui H, Imai H, Komatsuda A, Miura AB. Circulating antibodies against alpha-enolase in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN). Clin Exp Immunol. 1999;118(3):445–50. Epub 1999/12/14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Lopez-Alemany R, Longstaff C, Hawley S, Mirshahi M, Fabregas P, Jardi M, et al. Inhibition of cell surface mediated plasminogen activation by a monoclonal antibody against alpha-Enolase. Am J Hematol. 2003;72(4):234–42. Epub 2003/04/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cressman MD, Heyka RJ, Paganini EP, O'Neil J, Skibinski CI, Hoff HF. Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Circulation. 1992;86(2):475–82. Epub 1992/08/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Goldwasser P, Michel MA, Collier J, Mittman N, Fein PA, Gusik SA, et al. Prealbumin and lipoprotein(a) in hemodialysis: relationships with patient and vascular access survival. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22(1):215–25. Epub 1993/07/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Goldwasser P, Avram MM, Collier JT, Michel MA, Gusik SA, Mittman N. Correlates of vascular access occlusion in hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;24(5):785–94. Epub 1994/11/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rouy D, Koschinsky ML, Fleury V, Chapman J, Angles-Cano E. Apolipoprotein(a) and plasminogen interactions with fibrin: a study with recombinant apolipoprotein(a) and isolated plasminogen fragments. Biochemistry. 1992;31(27):6333–9. Epub 1992/07/14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Simon DI, Fless GM, Scanu AM, Loscalzo J. Tissue-type plasminogen activator binds to and is inhibited by surface-bound lipoprotein(a) and low-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry. 1991;30(27):6671–7. Epub 1991/07/09.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Loscalzo J, Weinfeld M, Fless GM, Scanu AM. Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10(2):240–5. Epub 1990/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Jablonski KL, Decker E, Perrenoud L, Kendrick J, Chonchol M, Seals DR, et al. Assessment of vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Vis Exp. 2014;88. Epub 2014/06/26.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Malyszko J. Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411(19–20):1412–20. Epub 2010/07/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ochodnicky P, Vettoretti S, Henning RH, Buikema H, Van Dokkum RP, de Zeeuw D. Endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: determinant of susceptibility to end-organ damage and therapeutic response. J Nephrol. 2006;19(3):246–58. Epub 2006/07/29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sabovic M, Salobir B, Preloznik Zupan I, Bratina P, Bojec V, Buturovic PJ. The influence of the haemodialysis procedure on platelets, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2005;34(6):274–8. Epub 2006/06/15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Salobir B, Sabovic M, Zupan IP, Ponikvar JB. Platelet (dys)function and plasma plasminogen levels in hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial. 2008;12(2):133–6. Epub 2008/04/05.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sultan Y, London GM, Goldfarb B, Toulon P, Marchais SJ. Activation of platelets, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients on long-term haemodialysis: influence of cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;5(5):362–8. Epub 1990/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bartels PC, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Nube MJ. Deviations in coagulation activation due to treatment with different haemodialysis membranes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2003;63(6):417–24. Epub 2003/11/05.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Schoorl M, Grooteman MP, Bartels PC, Nube MJ. Aspects of platelet disturbances in haemodialysis patients. Clin Kidney J. 2013;6(3):266–71. Epub 2014/03/07.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Nube MJ, Bartels PC. Coagulation activation, depletion of platelet granules and endothelial integrity in case of uraemia and haemodialysis treatment. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:72. Epub 2013/03/30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC. Changes in platelet volume, morphology and RNA content in subjects treated with haemodialysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68(4):335–42. Epub 2008/07/10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Seyfert UT, Helmling E, Hauck W, Skroch D, Albert W. Comparison of blood biocompatibility during haemodialysis with cuprophane and polyacrylonitrile membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1991;6(6):428–34. Epub 1991/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ifudu O, Mayers JD, Cohen LS, Paul H, Brezsnyak WF, Avram MM, et al. Correlates of vascular access and nonvascular access-related hospitalizations in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol. 1996;16(2):118–23. Epub 1996/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Feldman HI, Held PJ, Hutchinson JT, Stoiber E, Hartigan MF, Berlin JA. Hemodialysis vascular access morbidity in the United States. Kidney Int. 1993;43(5):1091–6. Epub 1993/05/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Shemesh D, Olsha O, Berelowitz D, Zaghal I, Zigelman CZ, Abramowitz HB. Integrated approach to construction and maintenance of prosthetic arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Vascular. 2004;12(4):243–55. Epub 2005/02/12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Brattich M. Vascular access thrombosis: etiology and prevention. Am Nephrol Nurses’ Assoc. 1999;26(5):537–40. Epub 2000/04/25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Joseph S, Adler S. Vascular access problems in dialysis patients: pathogenesis and strategies for management. Heart Dis. 2001;3(4):242–7. Epub 2002/04/27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Moinuddin Z, Summers A, Van Dellen D, Augustine T, Herrick SE. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis-a rare but devastating peritoneal disease. Frontiers Physiol. 2014;5:470. Epub 2015/01/21.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Korbet SM. Percutaneous renal biopsy. Semin Nephrol. 2002;22(3):254–67. Epub 2002/05/16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Waki K, Hayashi A, Ikeda S, Ikeda S, Nagatsuka K, Honma Y, et al. Measuring platelet aggregation in dialysis patients with a whole blood aggregometer by the screen filtration pressure method. Ther Apher Dial. 2011;15(2):203–6. Epub 2011/03/24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chapman MP, Moore EE, Burneikis D, Moore HB, Gonzalez E, Anderson KC, et al. Thrombelastographic pattern recognition in renal disease and trauma. J Surg Res. 2015;194(1):1–7. Epub 2015/01/13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Pivalizza EG, Abramson DC, Harvey A. Perioperative hypercoagulability in uremic patients: a viscoelastic study. J Clin Anesth. 1997;9(6):442–5. Epub 1997/09/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Inker LA, Astor BC, Fox CH, Isakova T, Lash JP, Peralta CA, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(5):713–35. Epub 2014/03/22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014;85(1):49–61. Epub 2013/11/29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Streja E, Nicholas SB, Norris KC. Controversies in timing of dialysis initiation and the role of race and demographics. Semin Dial. 2013;26(6):658–66. Epub 2013/10/10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Sidawy AN, Spergel LM, Besarab A, Allon M, Jennings WC, Padberg Jr FT, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery: clinical practice guidelines for the surgical placement and maintenance of arteriovenous hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(5 Suppl):2S–5. Epub 2008/11/19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Eschbach JW, Cook JD, Scribner BH, Finch CA. Iron balance in hemodialysis patients. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87(6):710–3. Epub 1977/12/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kdoqi, National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(5 Suppl 3):S11–145. Epub 2006/05/09.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Van Wyck DB, Stivelman JC, Ruiz J, Kirlin LF, Katz MA, Ogden DA. Iron status in patients receiving erythropoietin for dialysis-associated anemia. Kidney Int. 1989;35(2):712–6. Epub 1989/02/01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Macdougall IC, Hutton RD, Cavill I, Coles GA, Williams JD. Poor response to treatment of renal anaemia with erythropoietin corrected by iron given intravenously. BMJ. 1989;299(6692):157–8. Epub 1989/07/15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Albaramki J, Hodson EM, Craig JC, Webster AC. Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;1, CD007857. Epub 2012/01/20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fudin R, Jaichenko J, Shostak A, Bennett M, Gotloib L. Correction of uremic iron deficiency anemia in hemodialyzed patients: a prospective study. Nephron. 1998;79(3):299–305. Epub 1998/07/25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Macdougall IC, Tucker B, Thompson J, Tomson CR, Baker LR, Raine AE. A randomized controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin. Kidney Int. 1996;50(5):1694–9. Epub 1996/11/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wingard RL, Parker RA, Ismail N, Hakim RM. Efficacy of oral iron therapy in patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;25(3):433–9. Epub 1995/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Blumenthal S, Charytan C, Pennell JP, Reed J, et al. Iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients: safety of replacement and maintenance regimens. Kidney Int. 2004;66(3):1193–8. Epub 2004/08/26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Van Wyck DB, Cavallo G, Spinowitz BS, Adhikarla R, Gagnon S, Charytan C, et al. Safety and efficacy of iron sucrose in patients sensitive to iron dextran: North American clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(1):88–97. Epub 2000/06/30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Strippoli GF, Craig JC, Manno C, Schena FP. Hemoglobin targets for the anemia of chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(12):3154–65. Epub 2004/12/08.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Volkova N, Arab L. Evidence-based systematic literature review of hemoglobin/hematocrit and all-cause mortality in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(1):24–36. Epub 2005/12/27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Parfrey PS. Target hemoglobin level for EPO therapy in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(1):171–3. Epub 2005/12/27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(9):584–90. Epub 1998/08/27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Phrommintikul A, Haas SJ, Elsik M, Krum H. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9559):381–8. Epub 2007/02/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Eckardt KU, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(21):2019–32. Epub 2009/11/03.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Vigano G, Benigni A, Mendogni D, Mingardi G, Mecca G, Remuzzi G. Recombinant human erythropoietin to correct uremic bleeding. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;18(1):44–9. Epub 1991/07/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Zwaginga JJ, Ijsseldijk MJ, de Groot PG, Kooistra M, Vos J, van Es A, et al. Treatment of uremic anemia with recombinant erythropoietin also reduces the defects in platelet adhesion and aggregation caused by uremic plasma. Thromb Haemost. 1991;66(6):638–47. Epub 1991/12/02.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Fabian TC, May A, Pearl RG, Heard S, et al. Efficacy and safety of epoetin alfa in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(10):965–76. Epub 2007/09/07.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Glaspy J, Crawford J, Vansteenkiste J, Henry D, Rao S, Bowers P, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in oncology: a study-level meta-analysis of survival and other safety outcomes. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(2):301–15. Epub 2010/01/07.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Bohlius J, Schmidlin K, Brillant C, Schwarzer G, Trelle S, Seidenfeld J, et al. Recombinant human erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and mortality in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9674):1532–42. Epub 2009/05/05.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Martino MA, Vogel KM, O'Brien SP, Kerstein MD. Erythropoietin therapy improves graft patency with no increased incidence of thrombosis or thrombophlebitis. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;187(6):616–9. Epub 1998/12/16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, Lombardi R, Valsecchi C, Mecca G, et al. Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(1):8–12. Epub 1983/01/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mannucci PM. Hemostatic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(4):245–53. Epub 1998/07/23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Watson AJ, Keogh JA. 1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP): a potential new treatment for the bleeding diathesis of acute renal failure. Pharmatherapeutica. 1984;3(9):618–22. Epub 1984/01/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Byrnes JJ, Larcada A, Moake JL. Thrombosis following desmopressin for uremic bleeding. Am J Hematol. 1988;28(1):63–5. Epub 1988/05/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Livio M, Mannucci PM, Vigano G, Mingardi G, Lombardi R, Mecca G, et al. Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(12):731–5. Epub 1986/09/18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Diaz-Ricart M, Etebanell E, Cases A, Lopez-Pedret J, Castillo R, Ordinas A, et al. Erythropoietin improves signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets from uremic patients. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82(4):1312–7. Epub 1999/11/02.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Zhou XJ, Vaziri ND. Defective calcium signalling in uraemic platelets and its amelioration with long-term erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(6):992–7. Epub 2002/05/29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. van Geet C, Hauglustaine D, Verresen L, Vanrusselt M, Vermylen J. Haemostatic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic haemodialysis patients. Thromb Haemost. 1989;61(1):117–21. Epub 1989/02/28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Rostoker G, Durand-Zaleski I, Petit-Phar M, Ben Maadi A, Jazaerli N, Radier C, et al. Prevention of thrombotic complications of the nephrotic syndrome by the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin. Nephron. 1995;69(1):20–8. Epub 1995/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wagoner RD, Stanson AW, Holley KE, Winter CS. Renal vein thrombosis in idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy and nephrotic syndrome: incidence and significance. Kidney Int. 1983;23(2):368–74. Epub 1983/02/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Sarasin FP, Schifferli JA. Prophylactic oral anticoagulation in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1994;45(2):578–85. Epub 1994/02/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Huang Y, Border WA, Yu L, Zhang J, Lawrence DA, Noble NA. A PAI-1 mutant, PAI-1R, slows progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(2):329–38. Epub 2008/01/25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Cook NS, Ubben D. Fibrinogen as a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990;11(11):444–51. Epub 1990/11/01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gansevoort RT, Heeg JE, Dikkeschei FD, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE, Dullaart RP. Symptomatic antiproteinuric treatment decreases serum lipoprotein (a) concentration in patients with glomerular proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(3):244–50. Epub 1994/01/01.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tay KH, Lip GY. What “drives” the link between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the prothrombotic state in hypertension? Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(12):1278–9. Epub 2008/11/21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Keilani T, Schlueter W, Batlle D. Selected aspects of ACE inhibitor therapy for patients with renal disease: impact on proteinuria, lipids and potassium. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;35(1):87–97. Epub 1995/01/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Keilani T, Schlueter WA, Levin ML, Batlle DC. Improvement of lipid abnormalities associated with proteinuria using fosinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(4):246–54. Epub 1993/02/15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Wei SS, Ellis PW, Magnusson MO, Paganini EP. Effect of heparin modeling on delivered hemodialysis therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23(3):389–93. Epub 1994/03/01.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Ouseph R, Brier ME, Ward RA. Improved dialyzer reuse after use of a population pharmacodynamic model to determine heparin doses. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(1):89–94. Epub 2000/01/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Bommer J, Schwab M. Bedside testing with the new CoaguChek Pro activated clotting time assay in dialysis. Artif Organs. 2002;26(4):387–90. Epub 2002/04/16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Ridel C, Mercadal L, Bene B, Hamani A, Deray G, Petitclerc T. Regional citrate anticoagulation during hemodialysis: a simplified procedure using Duocart biofiltration. Blood Purif. 2005;23(6):473–80. Epub 2005/11/12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Buturovic-Ponikvar J, Cerne S, Gubensek J, Ponikvar R. Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis: calcium-free vs. calcium containing dialysate – a randomized trial. Int J Artif Organs. 2008;31(5):418–24. Epub 2008/07/09.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Szamosfalvi B, Frinak S, Yee J. Automated regional citrate anticoagulation: technological barriers and possible solutions. Blood Purif. 2010;29(2):204–9. Epub 2010/01/23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Lehner GF, Schopf M, Harler U, Pechlaner C, Joannidis M. Repeated premature hemofilter clotting during regional citrate anticoagulation as indicator of heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Purif. 2014;38(2):127–30. Epub 2014/11/22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Gritters M, Grooteman MP, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC, Scheffer PG, et al. Citrate anticoagulation abolishes degranulation of polymorphonuclear cells and platelets and reduces oxidative stress during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(1):153–9. Epub 2005/09/08.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Vianello F, Furian L, Nordio M, Treleani M, Fabris F. Concomitant use of argatroban and warfarin during hemodialysis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hematology. 2015;20(1):48–9. Epub 2014/03/04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Tang IY, Cox DS, Patel K, Reddy BV, Nahlik L, Trevino S, et al. Argatroban and renal replacement therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(2):231–6. Epub 2005/01/06.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Davenport A. Anticoagulation options for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal support in the intensive care unit. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:259–66. Epub 2007/04/28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Klingele M, Bomberg H, Lerner-Graber A, Fliser D, Poppleton A, Schafers HJ, et al. Use of argatroban: experiences in continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147(6):1918–24. Epub 2014/02/04.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Lim W, Cook DJ, Crowther MA. Safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparins for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(12):3192–206. Epub 2004/12/08.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Gritters M, Borgdorff P, Grooteman MP, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC, et al. Platelet activation in clinical haemodialysis: LMWH as a major contributor to bio-incompatibility? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(9):2911–7. Epub 2008/03/28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery and Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado and Denver Health Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA

    Michael P. Chapman M.D. & Anirban Banerjee Ph.D.

  2. Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, 777 Bannock Street, Unit 8, Basement, MC0206, Denver, CO, 80204, USA

    Michael P. Chapman M.D.

  3. Department of Surgery and Trauma Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Denver Health Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA

    Ernest E. Moore M.D.

Authors
  1. Michael P. Chapman M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anirban Banerjee Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ernest E. Moore M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael P. Chapman M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Surgery & Trauma Research Center, Univ of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    Eduardo Gonzalez

  2. Dept of Surgery & Trauma Research Center, Univ of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    Hunter B. Moore

  3. Dept of Surgery & Trauma Research Center, Univ of Colorado Sch of Med&Denver Healt, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Ernest E. Moore

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chapman, M.P., Banerjee, A., Moore, E.E. (2016). Coagulopathy of Renal Disease. In: Gonzalez, E., Moore, H., Moore, E. (eds) Trauma Induced Coagulopathy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28308-1_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28308-1_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28306-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28308-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation