Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bio- and Inorganic Fouling

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biomimetics

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

Abstract

Fouling is generally undesirable for most applications (Bhushan in Springer handbook of nanotechnology, 3rd edition. Springer, New York 2010; Encyclopedia of nanotechnology, vol 1–4. Springer, New York 2012). Fouling includes biological fouling (commonly referred to as biofouling ) and inorganic fouling. Biofouling is the accumulation of unwanted biological matter on surfaces, with biofilms created by microorganisms , and macroscale biofouling (simply called macrofouling) created by macroorganisms. Inorganic fouling is fouling that results from the accumulation of non-living particles, and includes deposits of dirt, corrosion , crystals, suspended particles, oil, and ice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anonymous (1952), Marine Fouling and its Prevention, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, US Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1999), Why Is Titanium the Metal of Choice for Medical Applications from Head to Toe? International Titanium Association, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, I., Pangule, R.C., and Kane R.S. (2011), “Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms,” Adv. Mater. 23, 690-718

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthlott, W. and Neinhuis, C. (1997), “Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces,” Planta 202, 1-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B. (2009), “Biomimetics: Lessons from Nature – an Overview,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 367, 1445-1486

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B. (2010), Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, 3 rd Edition, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B. (2012), Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, Vol. 1-4, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B. and Jung, Y.C. (2011), “Natural and Biomimetic Artificial Surfaces for Superhydrophobicity, Self-Cleaning, Low Adhesion, and Drag Reduction,” Prog. Mater. Sci. 56, 1-108

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B., Hansford, D. and Lee, K.K. (2006), “Surface modification of silicon and polydimethylsiloxane surfaces with vapor-phase-deposited ultrathin fluorosilane films for biomedical nanodevices,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 24, 1197-1202

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B., Jung, Y.C. and Koch, K. (2009), “Micro-, nano- and Hierarchical Structures for Superhydrophobicity, Self-cleaning and Low Adhesion,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 367, 1631-1672

    Google Scholar 

  • Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2012), “Biofouling Lessons from Nature,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 370, 2381-2417

    Google Scholar 

  • Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013a), “Fluid Drag Reduction with Shark-skin Riblet Inspired Microstructured Surfaces,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 4507-4528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013b), “Fluid Drag Reduction and Efficient Self-Cleaning with Rice Leaf and Butterfly Wing Bioinspired Surfaces,” Nanoscale 5, 7685-7710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2014), “Rice- and Butterfly-Wing Effect Inspired Self-Cleaning and Low Drag Micro/nanopatterned Surfaces in Water, Oil, and Air Flow,” Nanoscale 6, 76-96

    Google Scholar 

  • Bixler, G. D. and Bhushan, B. (2015), “Rice- and Butterfly-Wing Effect Inspired Low Drag and Antifouling Surfaces: A Review,” (Invited), Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 40, 1-37

    Google Scholar 

  • Bixler, G. D., Theiss, A., Bhushan, B., and Lee, S. C. (2014), “Anti-fouling Properties of Microstructured Surfaces Bio-inspired by Rice Leaves and Butterfly Wings,” J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 419, 114-133

    Google Scholar 

  • Bormashenko, E., Bormashenko, Y., Stein, T., Whyman, G., and Bormashenko, E. (2007), “Why Do Pigeon Feathers Repel Water? Hydrophobicity of Pennae, Cassie-Baxter Wetting Hypothesis, and Cassie-Wenzel Capillary-induced Wetting Transition,” J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 311, 212-216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bott, T.R. (1988a), “Crystallization of Organic Materials,” in Fouling Science and Technology (eds. Melo, L.F., Bott, T.R. and Bernardo, C.A.), pp. 275-280, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bott, T.R. (1988b), “Crystallization Fouling – Basic Science and Models,” in Fouling Science and Technology (eds. Melo, L.F., Bott, T.R. and Bernardo, C.A.), pp. 251-260, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, A.B., Baney, R.H., Carman, M.I., Estes, T.G., Feinberg, A.W., Wilson, L.H. and Schumacher, J.F. (2010), “Surface Topographies for Non-Toxic Bioadhesion Control,” United States Patent no. 7 650 848

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, L., Jones, A.K., Sikka, V.K., Wu, J. and Gao, D. (2009), “Anti-Icing Superhydrophobic Coatings,” Langmuir 25, 12444-12448

    Google Scholar 

  • Callow, M.E. (1999), “The Status and Future of Biocides in Marine Biofouling Prevention,” in Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology (eds. Fingerman, M., Nagabhushanam, R. and Thompson, M.F), pp. 109-126, Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callow, M.E., Pitchers, R.A. and Milne A. (1986), “The Control of Fouling by Non-Biocidal Systems,” in Algal Biofouling (eds. Evans, L.V. and Hoagland, K.D), pp. 145-158, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callow, M.E., Jennings, A.R., Brennan, A.B., Seegert, C.E., Gibson, A., Wilson, L., Feinberg, A., Baney, R., and Callow, J.A. (2002), “Microtopographic Cues for Settlement of Zoospores of the Green Fouling Alga Enteromorpha,” Biofouling 18, 237-245

    Google Scholar 

  • Carman, M.L., Estes, T.G., Feinburg, A.W., Schumacher, J.F., Wilkerson, W., Wilson, L.H., Callow, M.E., Callow, J.A. and Brennan, A.B. (2006), “Engineered Antifouling Microtopographies—Correlating Wettability with Cell Attachment,” Biofouling 22, 11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, J. and Wong, S. (eds.) (2010), Biofouling Types, Impact and Anti-Fouling, Nova Science Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, C.H., Mostler, K.M, Bartels, L.L. and Mankodi, S.M. (2004), “Comparative Antiplaque and Antigingivitis Effectiveness of an Chlorhexidine and an Essential Oil Mouth Rinse: 6-Month Clinical Trial,” J Clin Periodontal 31, 878-884

    Google Scholar 

  • Clare, A.S. and Aldred, N. (2009), “Surface Colonization by Marine Organisms and its Impact on Antifouling Research,” in Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies (eds. Hellio, C. and Yebra, D.), pp. 46-79, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, N. (1999), “The Antifouling Potential of Silicone Elastomer Polymers,” in Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology (eds. Fingerman, M., Nagabhushanam, R. and Thompson, M.F), pp. 87-108, Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cologer, C.P. (1984), “Six Year Interaction of Underwater Cleaning with Copper Based Antifouling Paints on Navy Surface Ships,” Nav. Eng. J. 96, 200–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Copisarow, M. (1945), “Marine Fouling and its Prevention,” Science 101, pp. 406-407

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J.W. (ed.) (2008), Springer Series on Biofilms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui, Z. and Wan, Y. (2005), “Biofouling in Membrane Separation Systems,” in Surfaces and Interfaces for Biomaterials (ed. Vadgama, P.), pp. 493-544, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, A.B., Lennox, J.E. and Ross, R.J. (2008), Biofilms in Industrial Environments. Retrieved June 27, 2011, from http://biofilmbook.hypertextbookshop.com/public_version/contents/contents.html

  • Dean, B. and Bhushan, B. (2010), “Shark-skin Surfaces for Fluid-Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow: a Review,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 368, 4775-4806

    Google Scholar 

  • Dror, N., Mandel, M., Hazan, Z. and Lavie, G. (2009), “Advances in Microbial Biofilm Prevention on Indwelling Medical Devices with Emphasis on Usage of Acoustic Energy,” Sensors 9, 2538-2554

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, N. (1988), “Particulate Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces: Mechanisms and Models,” in Fouling Science and Technology (eds. Melo, L.F., Bott, T.R. and Bernardo, C.A.), pp. 143-164, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, X. and Jiang, L. (2006), “Design and Creation of Superwetting/Antiwetting Surfaces,” Adv. Mater. 18, 3063-3078

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingerman, M., Nagabhushanam, R. and Thompson, M.F. (eds.) (1999), Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology, Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, J.A., Callow, M.E., Schultz, M.P., Swain, G.W., and Callow, J.A. (2002), “Adhesion Strength of Settled Spores of the Green Alga Enteromorpha,” Biofouling 18, 251-256

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J.T., Finlay, J.A., Callow, M.E., Callow, J.A., and Ghadiri, M.R. (2007), “A Combinatorial Approach to the Discovery ofBiocid al Six-Residue Cyclicd,l-a-Peptides Against the Bacteria Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) and E. coli and the Biofouling Algae Ulva linza and Navicula perminuta,” Chem. Eur. J. 13, 4008-4013

    Google Scholar 

  • Flemming, H.C., Wingender, J., Moritz, R., Borchard, W. and Mayer, C. (1999), “Physio-chemical Properties of Biofilms – A Short Review,” in Biofilms in the Aquatic Environment (eds. Keevil, C.W., Godfree, A., Holt, D. and Dow, C), pp. 1-12, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flemming, H.C., Szewzyk, U. and Griebe, T. (eds.) (2000), Biofilms Investigative Methods and Applications, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D.P. and Mawatari, S.F. (1992), Atlas of Marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand Ports and Harbours, Miscellaneous Pub, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griebe, T. and Flemming, H.C. (2000), “Rotating Annular Reactors for Controlled Growth of Biofilms,” in Biofilms Investigative Methods and Applications (eds. Flemming, H.C., Szewzyk, U. and Griebe, T.), pp. 1-22, Technomic Publishing Co, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harder, T. and Yee, L.H. (2009), “Bacterial Adhesion and Marine Fouling,” in Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies (eds. Hellio, C. and Yebra, D.), pp. 113-131, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellio, C. and Yebra, D. (eds.) (2009), Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, M. and Elimelech, M. (2007), “Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure,” J. of Membrane Science 295, 11-20

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoipkemeier-Wilson, L., Schumacher, J.F., Carman, M.L., Gibson, A.L., Feinberg, A.W., Callow, M.E., Finlay, J.A., Callow, J.A., and Brennan, A.B. (2004), “Antifouling Potential of Lubricious, Micro-engineered, PDMS Elastomers against Zoospores of the Green Fouling Alga Ulva (Enteromorpha),” Biofouling 20, 53-63

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. (2009), “The Battle Against Marine Biofouling: a Historical Review,” in Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies (eds. Hellio, C. and Yebra, D.), pp. 19-45, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keevil, C.W., Godfree, A., Holt, D. and Dow, C. (eds.) (1999), Biofilms in the Aquatic Environment, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesel, A. and Liedert, R. (2007), “Learning from Nature: Non-Toxic Biofouling Control by Shark Skin Effect,” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 146, S130

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S.H., Kwak, S.Y., Sohn, B.H. and Park, T.H. (2003), “Design of TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled aromatic polyamide thin-film-composite (TFC) membrane as an approach to solve biofouling problem,” J. of Membrane Science 211, 157-165

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, K. and Barthlott, W. (2009), “Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Plant Surfaces: an Inspiration for Biomimetic Materials,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 367, 1487–1509

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, K., Bhushan, B., and Barthlott, W. (2008), “Diversity of Structure, Morphology, and Wetting of Plant Surfaces,” (Invited) Soft Matter 4, 1943-1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, K., Bhushan, B., and Barthlott, W. (2009), “Multifunctional Surface Structures of Plants: An Inspiration for Biomimetics,” (Invited) Prog. Mater. Sci. 54, 137-178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W., Jin, M.K., Yoo, W.C. and Less, J.K. (2004), “Nanostructuring of a Polymeric Substrate with Well-Defined Nanometer-Scale Topography and Tailored Surface Wettability,” Langmuir 20, 7665-7669

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, A.L. and Bai, R. (2003), “Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater,” J. Membrane Sci. 216, 279–290

    Google Scholar 

  • LoVetri, K., Gawande, P.V., Yakandawala, N. and Madhyastha S. (2010), “Biofouling and Anti-fouling of Medical Devices,” in Biofouling Types, Impact and Anti-Fouling (eds. Chan, J. and Wong, S.), pp. 105-128, Nova Science Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, H., Bowman, C.N., and Davis, R..H. (2000), “Membrane fouling reduction by backpulsing and surface modification,” J. Membrane Sci 173, 191-200

    Google Scholar 

  • Marrie, T.J. and Costerton, J.W. (1984), “Morphology of Bacterial Attachment to Cardiac Pacemaker Leads and Power Packs,” J. Clin. Microbiol. 19, 911-914

    Google Scholar 

  • Melo, L.F., Bott, T.R. and Bernardo, C.A. (eds.) (1988), Fouling Science and Technology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menton, D. (2008), “The Seeing Eye,” AnswersMagazine.com, July-Sept. 76-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meuler, A.J., Smith, J.D.,Varanasi, K.K., Mabry, J.M., McKinley, G.H., Cohen, R.E. (2010), “Relationships between Water Wettability and Ice Adhesion,” ACS Appl. Mat. Interf. 2, 3100-3110

    Google Scholar 

  • Monroe, D. (2007), “Looking for Chinks in the Armor of Bacterial Biofilms,” PLoS Biol 5, 2458-2461

    Google Scholar 

  • Neinhuis, C. and Barthlott, W. (1997), “Characterization and Distribution of Water-repellent, Self-cleaning Plant Surfaces,” Annals of Botany 79, 667-677

    Google Scholar 

  • Palacio, M.L.B. and Bhushan, B. (2012), “Bioadhesion: A Review of Concepts and Applications,” (Invited), Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A 370, 2321-2347

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, A.M. (1988), “Deposition of Hardness Salts,” in Fouling Science and Technology (eds. Melo, L.F., Bott, T.R. and Bernardo, C.A.), pp. 261-274, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Railkin, A.I. (2004), Marine Biofouling Colonization Processes and Defenses, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, E. and Swain, G. (2009), “Bioinspiration – the Solution for Biofouling Control?” Bioinsp. Biomim. 4, 1-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D.L. (ed.) (1959), Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms, University of Washington Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scardino, A.J. (2009), “Surface Modification Approaches to Control Marine Biofouling,” in Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies (eds. Hellio, C. and Yebra, D.), pp. 664-692, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scardino, A.J., Guenther, J., and de Nys, R. (2008), “Attachment point theory revisited: the fouling response to a microtextured matrix,” Biofouling 24, 45-53

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, M.J., Shanov, V.N. and Yun, Y. (eds.) (2009), Nanomedicine Design of Particles, Sensors, Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices, Artech House, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, J.F., Aldred, N., Callow, M.E., Finlay, J.A., Callow, J.A., Clare, A.S. and Brennan, A.B. (2007a), “Species-Specific Engineered Antifouling Topographies: Correlations between the Settlement of Algal Zoospores and Barnacle Cyprids,” Biofouling 23, 307- 317

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, J.F., Carman, M.L., Estes, T.G., Feinberg, A.W., Wilson, L.H., Callow, M.E., Callow, J.A., Finlay, J.A., and Brennan, A.B. (2007b), “Engineered antifouling Microtopographies – effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospore of the green alga Ulva,” Biofouling 23(1), 55-62

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, N., Charles, C.H., Lynch, M.C., Qaqish, J., McGuire, J.A., Galustians, J.G. and Kumar, L.D. (2004), “Adjunctive Benefit of an Essential Oil-Containing Mouth Rinse in Reducing Plaque and Gingivitis in Patients Who Brush and Floss Regularly,” J American Dental Assoc 135, 496-504

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Popat, K.C. and Desai, T.A. (2007), “Design and Biological Applications of Nanostructured Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Films,” in Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine Methods, Devices, and Applications (ed. Vo-Dinh, T.), pp. 39-1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheng, X., Ting, Y.P. and Pehkonen, S.O. (2010), “Force Measurements of Bacterial Adhesion to Metals Using Cell Probe in Atomic Force Microscopy,” in Biofouling Types, Impact and Anti-Fouling (eds. Chan, J. and Wong, S.), pp. 129-154, Nova Science Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirtliff, M. and Leid, J.G. (eds.) (2009), The Role of Biofilms in Device-Related Infections, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoes, M., Simoes, L.C. and Vieira, M.J. (2010), “A Review of Current and Emergent Biofilm Control Strategies,” LWT – Food Science and Technology 43, 573-583

    Google Scholar 

  • Somerscales, E.F.C. and Knudsen, J.G. (eds.) (1981), Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoodley, P., Sauer, K., Davies, D.G. and Costerton, J.W. (2002), “Biofilms as Complex Differentiated Communities,” Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 56, 187–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinidad, A., Ibanez, A., Gomez, D., Garcia-Berrocal, J.R. and Ramierz-Camacho, R. (2010), “Application of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy for Study of Biofilms in Medical Devices,” Microscopy: Science, Technology, Applications and Education, 1, 204-210

    Google Scholar 

  • Vadgama, P. (ed) (2005), Surfaces and Interfaces for Biomaterials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, R. and Murthy, P.S. (2008), “Macrofouling Control in Power Plants”, in Springer Series on Biofilms (ed. Costerton, J.W.), pp. 265-290, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vladkova, T. (2007), “Surface Engineering for Non-Toxic Biofouling Control,” J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metallurgy 43, 239-256

    Google Scholar 

  • Vladkova, T. (2008), “Surface Modification Approach to Control Biofouling”, in Springer Series on Biofilms (ed. Costerton, J.W.), pp. 135-162, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vleugels, I.R. (2006), “Multi-Functional Coating Solution,” Euprofile, Public Service Review: European Union 18, 1-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Vo-Dinh, T. (ed.) (2007), Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, T., Neinhuis, C. and Barthlott, W. (1996), “Wettability and Contaminability of Insect Wings as a Function of Their Surface Sculptures,” Acta Zoologica 77, 213-225

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J., Surman, S. and Jass, J. (eds.) (2000), Industrial Biofouling Detection, Prevention and Control, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. and Bhushan, B. (2015), “Wear-Resistant and Antismudge Superoleophobic Coating on Polyethylene Terephthalate Substrate Using SiO2 Nanoparticles,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 7, 743-755

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemsen, P. (2005), “Biofouling in European Aquaculture: is there an easy solution,” TNO Industrial Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen, J. (2010), “Marine Dynamics,” Bulletproof Feathers How Science Uses Nature’s Secrets to Design Cutting-Edge Technology (Allen, R., Ed.), pp. 22-43, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zodrow, K., Brunet, L., Mahendra, S., Li, D. and Zhang, A. (2009), “Polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes impregnated with silver nanoparticles show improved biofouling resistance and virus removal,” Water Research 43, 715-723

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Bharat Bhushan

Authors
  1. Bharat Bhushan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bharat Bhushan .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bhushan, B. (2016). Bio- and Inorganic Fouling. In: Biomimetics. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28284-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation