Abstract
Old RF single-medium transceivers are mostly narrow-banded, and filtering at RF and IF helped to realize discrete RF systems. However, in modern integrated digital wireless systems, the lack of RF and IF filters heavily taxes on the performance of RF transceivers. In particular, channels with broadband spread spectrum and strong nearby blockers demand analog RF processing be extremely linear, and channel filtering highly selective. Direct frequency conversion to and from DC (Zero-IF) or low frequency (Low-IF) is the mathematical frequency translation using complex local (LO) carrier. On the transmitter (TX) side, key design factors are carrier leak, injection locking, out-of-band emission, spectral regrowth, and power amplifier (PA) efficiency. The carrier is suppressed using four-quadrant mixers, and the injection locking is avoided by dual conversion. The out-of-band emission is reduced below the spectral mask using RF filters or harmonic mixers, and the spectral regrowth issue doesn’t exist with low IM3. The PA efficiency is also traded for linearity. On the receiver (RX) side, there are self-mixing, blocker, offset, harmonic mixing, and image issues. The self-mixing with the local carrier is avoided using low-IF or dual-conversion architectures, and the blocker is rejected by digital channel filters with wide dynamic range front-ends. The offset in the zero-IF receiver is eliminated using the feedback that is active only during the data packet period. The low-IF receiver exhibits no offset problem. All issues related to the harmonic mixing and image problems in direct down-conversion receivers are discussed exhaustively using a generic complex frequency translation concept.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
F. Behbahani, Y. Kishigami, J. Leete, A. Abidi, CMOS mixers and polyphase filters for large image rejection. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 36, 873–887 (2001)
S. Jantzi, K. Martin, M. Snelgrove, A. Sedra, Complex bandpass ΔΣ converter for digital radio, in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits Systems, vol. 5, May 1994, p. 453
J. Crols, M. Steyaert, An analog integrated polyphase filter for a high performance low-IF receiver, VLSI Dig. Tech. Papers, Jun. 1995, pp. 848–854
A. Rofougaran, J. Rael, M. Rofougaran, A. Abidi, A 900MHz CMOS LC-oscillator with quadrature outputs, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 1996, pp. 392–393
L. Der, B. Razavi, A 2GHz CMOS image-reject receiver with LMS calibration. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 38, 167–175 (2003)
M. Elmala, S. Embabi, Calibration of phase and gain mismatches in weaver image-reject receiver. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 39, 283–289 (2004)
J. Glas, Digital I/Q imbalance compensation in a low-IF receiver, in Global Telecommunications Conference, Nov. 1998, pp. 1461–1466
K. Pun, J. Franca, C. Azeredo-Leme, A digital method for the correction of I/Q phase errors in complex sub-sampling mixers, in Proceedings of 2000 Southwest Symposium on Mixed-Signal Design, Feb. 2000, pp. 171–174
M. Dawkins, A. Burdett, N. Cowley, A single-chip tuner for DVB-T. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 38, 1307–1317 (2003)
L. Yu, W.M. Snelgrove, A novel adaptive mismatch cancellation system for quadrature IF radio receivers. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 46(6), 789–801 (1999)
C. Heng, M. Gupta, S. Lee, D. Kang, B. Song, A CMOS TV tuner/demodulator IC with digital image rejection. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 40, 2525–2535 (2005)
I. Elahi, K. Muhammad, P. Balsara, I/Q mismatch compensation using adaptive decorrelation in a low-IF receiver in 90-nm CMOS process. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 41, 395–404 (2006)
S. van Gervan, D. van Compernolle, Signal separation by symmetric adaptive decorrelation: stability, convergence, and uniqueness. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 43(7), 1602–1612 (1995)
B. Widrow et al., The complex LMS algorithm, Proc. IEEE 63(4), 719–720 (1975)
S. Lerstaveesin, B. Song, A complex image rejection circuit with sign detection only, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 2006, pp. 454–455
S. Lerstaveesin, B. Song, A complex image rejection circuit with sign detection only. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 41, 2693–2702 (2006)
S. Lerstaveesin, M. Gupta, D. Kang, B.S. Song, A 48-860MHz CMOS low-IF direct conversion DTV tuner. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 43, 2013–2024 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Song, BS. (2016). Direct-Conversion Receivers. In: System-level Techniques for Analog Performance Enhancement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27921-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27921-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27919-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27921-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)