Skip to main content

Precancerous Lesions of the Penis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1264 Accesses

Abstract

A heterogeneous group of precancerous lesions affect the penis, consisting of cellular alterations of the squamous epithelium: proliferation, loss of polarity, and nuclear atypia of varying degrees [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cubilla AL, Meijer CJ, Young RH. Morphological features of epithelial abnormalities and precancerous lesions of the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 2000;205:215–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pizzocaro G, Algaba F, Horenblas S, Solsona E, Tana S, Van Der Poel H, Watkin NA, European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines Group on Penile Cancer. EAU penile cancer guidelines 2009. Eur Urol. 2010;57:1002–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hakenberg OW, Compérat EM, Minhas S, Necchi A, Protzel C, Watkin N. EAU guidelines on penile cancer: 2014 update. Eur Urol. 2014;67:142–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Penile squamous cell carcinoma: anatomic, pathologic and viral studies in Paraguay (1993–2007). Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2007;29:185–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bandieramonte G, Colecchia M, Mariani L, Lo Vullo S, Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Nicolai N, Salvioni R, Lezzi V, Stefanon B, De Palo G. Peniscopically controller CO2 laser excision for conservative treatment of in situ and T1 penile carcinoma: report on 224 patients. Eur Urol. 2008;54:875–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Löwhagen GB, Bolmstedt A, Ryd W, Voog E. The prevalence of “high-risk” HPV types in penile condyloma-like lesions: correlation between HPV type and morphology. Genitourin Med. 1993;69:87–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Nordenvall C, Chang ET, Adami HO, Ye W. Cancer risk among patients with condylomata acuminata. Int J Cancer. 2006;119:888–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mastrolorenzo A, Tiradritti L, Locunto U, Carini M, Massi D, Zuccati G. Incidental finding: a penile cutaneous horn. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:283–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hernandez-Graulau JM, Fiore A, Cea P, Tucci P, Addonizio JC. Multiple penile horns: case report and review. J Urol. 1988;139:1055–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhu JW, Luo D, Li CR, Lu Y, Ji X, Zhu J, Ming YL, Shen CH. A case of penile verrucous carcinoma associated with cutaneous horn. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:213–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Solivan GA, Smith KJ, James WD. Cutaneous horn of the penis: its association with squamous cell carcinoma and HPV-16 infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:969–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wade TR, Kopf AW, Ackerman AB. Bowenoid papulosis of the penis. Cancer. 1978;42:1890–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ikenberg H, Gissmann L, Gross G, Grussendorf-Conen EI, zur Hausen H. Human papillomavirus type-16-related DNA in genital Bowen’s disease and in Bowenoid papulosis. Int J Cancer. 1983;32:563–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Steffen C. Concurrence of condylomata acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: confirmation of the hypothesis that they are related conditions. Am J Dermatopathol. 1982;4:5–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Patterson JW, Kao GF, Graham JH, Helwig EB. Bowenoid papulosis. A clinicopathologic study with ultrastructural observations. Cancer. 1986;57:823–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stühmer A. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (post-operationem) und ihre Beziehungen zur “Kraurosis glandis et praeputii penis”. Arch Dermatol Syph. 1928;156:613–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Lichen sclerosus in 68 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: frequent atypias and correlation with special carcinoma variants suggests a precancerous role. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:1448–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Renaud-Vilmer C, Cavelier-Balloy B, Verola O, Morel P, Servant JM, Desgrandchamps F, Dubertret L. Analysis of alterations adjacent to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and their relationship with associated carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:284–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. von Krogh G, Horenblas S. Diagnosis and clinical presentation of premalignant lesions of the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 2000;205:201–14.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pietrzak P, Hadway P, Corbishley CM, Watkin NA. Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated? BJU Int. 2006;98:74–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nasca MR, Innocenzi D, Micali G. Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41:911–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lesourd A. Anatomo-pathology of malignant penile tumors. Prog Urol. 2005;15:801–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Powell JJ, Wojnarowska F. Lichen sclerosus. Lancet. 1999;353:1777–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Oertell J, Duarte S, Ayala J, Chaux A, Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) exclusive of the foreskin: distinctive association with low grade variants, multicentricity and lichen sclerosus. Mod Pathol. 2002;15:175A.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chaux A, Pfannl R, Rodríguez IM, Barreto JE, Velazquez EF, Lezcano C, Piris A, Netto GJ, Cubilla AL. Distinctive immunohistochemical profile of penile intraepithelial lesions: a study of 74 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35:553–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cubilla AL, Velazquez EF, Young RH. Epithelial lesions associated with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma: a pathologic study of 288 cases. Int J Surg Pathol. 2004;12:351–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Velazquez EF, Amin MB, Cubilla AL, Jenkins D, MOCH H, Piris A, Quint WGV. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia. In: Moch H, Humprey PA, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE, editors. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Fourth edition. IARC Lyon; 2016. p. 277–9.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Oertel J, Iglesias M, Amat L, Ayala E, Velazquez EF, Barreto JE, Ayala G, Cubilla AL. Squamous hyperplasia (SH), lichen sclerosus (LS), differentiated pein (PeIN) and low grade variants of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): distinctive preputial lesions in a survey of 99 circumcision specimens from a region of high incidence of penile cancer. Mod Pathol. 2009;22:187A.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chaux A, Pfannl R, Lloveras B, Alejo M, Clavero O, Lezcano C, Muñoz N, de Sanjosé S, Bosch X, Hernández-Pérez M, Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Distinctive association of p16INK4a overexpression with penile intraepithelial neoplasia depicting warty and/or basaloid features: a study of 141 cases evaluating a new nomenclature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:385–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chaux A, Velazquez EF, Amin A, Soskin A, Pfannl R, Rodríguez IM, Barreto JE, Lezcano C, Ayala G, Netto GJ, Cubilla AL. Distribution and characterization of subtypes of penile intraepithelial neoplasia and their association with invasive carcinomas: a pathological study of 139 lesions in 121 patients. Hum Pathol. 2012;43:1020–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gregoire L, Cubilla AL, Reuter VE, Haas GP, Lancaster WD. Preferential association of human papillomavirus with high-grade histologic variants of penile-invasive squamous cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:1705–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Soskin A, Vieillefond A, Carlotti A, Plantier F, Chaux A, Ayala G, Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Warty/basaloid penile intraepithelial neoplasia is more prevalent than differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia in nonendemic regions for penile cancer when compared with endemic areas: a comparative study between pathologic series from Paris and Paraguay. Hum Pathol. 2012;43:190–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Young RH, Srigley JR, Amin MB, Ulbright TM, Cubilla AL. Tumors of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, male urethra and penis, vol. 3. 28th ed. Washington, DC: AFIP Fascicle; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cubilla AL, Reuter V, Velazquez E, Piris A, Saito S, Young RH. Histologic classification of penile carcinoma and its relation to outcome in 61 patients with primary resection. Int J Surg Pathol. 2001;9:111–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Riggio T. Buschke and Lowenstein condyloma acuminatum. Arch Ital Dermatol Sifilogr Venereol. 1954;26:472–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Löning T, Riviere A, Henke RP, von Preyss S, Dörner A. Penile/anal condylomas and squamous cell cancer. A HPV DNA hybridization study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988;413:491–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang N, Gong K, Zhang X, Yang Y, Na Y. Extramammary Paget’s disease of scrotum–report of 25 cases and literature review. Urol Oncol. 2010;28:28–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Williamson JD, Colome MI, Sahin A, Ayala AG, Medeiros LJ. Pagetoid bowen disease: a report of 2 cases that express cytokeratin 7. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:427–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Amin A, Griffith RC, Chaux A. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia with pagetoid features: report of an unusual variant mimicking Paget disease. Hum Pathol. 2014;45:889–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Epstein JH, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA. Tumors of the prostate gland, seminal vescicles, penis and scrotum. Atlas of tumor pathology. Washington, DC: AFIP; 2011. pp. 405–612.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chang J, Prieto VG, Sangueza M, Plaza JA. Diagnostic utility of p63 expression in the differential diagnosis of pagetoid squamous cell carcinoma in situ and extramammary Paget disease: a histopathologic study of 70 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014;36:49–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Salamanca J, Benito A, García-Peñalver C, Azorín D, Ballestín C, Rodríguez-Peralto JL. Paget’s disease of the glans penis secondary to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31:341–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mahto M, Nathan M, O’Mahony C. More than a decade on: review of the use of imiquimod in lower anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:8–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hadway P, Corbishley CM, Watkin NA. Total glans resurfacing for premalignant lesions of the penis: initial outcome data. BJU Int. 2006;98:532–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Shindel AW, Mann MW, Lev RY, Sengelmann R, Petersen J, Hruza GJ, Brandes SB. Mohs micrographic surgery for penile cancer: management and long-term followup. J Urol. 2007;178:1980–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Frimberger D, Hungerhuber E, Zaak D, Waidelich R, Hofstetter A, Schneede P. Penile carcinoma. Is Nd:YAG laser therapy radical enough? J Urol. 2002;168:2418–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Meijer RP, Boon TA, van Venrooij GE, Wijburg CJ. Long-term follow-up after laser therapy for penile carcinoma. Urology. 2007;69:759–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Colecchia M, Nicolai N, Secchi P, Bandieramonte G, Paganoni AM, Sangalli LM, Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Salvioni R. pT1 penile squamous cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 56 cases treated by CO2 laser therapy. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2009;31:153–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Velazquez EF, Barreto JE, Rodriguez I, Piris A, Cubilla AL. Limitations in the interpretation of biopsies in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol. 2004;12:139–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Minhas S, Kayes O, Hegarty P, Kumar P, Freeman A, Ralph D. What surgical resection margins are required to achieve oncological control in men with primary penile cancer? BJU Int. 2005;96:1040–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maurizio Colecchia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Colecchia, M., Paolini, B. (2016). Precancerous Lesions of the Penis. In: Colecchia, M. (eds) Pathology of Testicular and Penile Neoplasms. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27617-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27617-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27615-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27617-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics