Abstract
Sen’s entitlement approach treats famines as socio-economic problems rather than food availability problems. The approach focuses on the set of alternative commodity bundles that can be acquired through legal channels of acquirement. Entitlement failures occur when it is no longer possible to acquire commodity bundles with enough food to survive. Hence, a famine need not occur because of lack of food but could be caused purely by distributional dynamics such as a rise in food prices, a fall in wages, a termination of state transfers, and so on. While the entitlement approach is a useful tool in a disaggregated impact analysis, several scholars have argued that the entitlement approach devotes insufficient analytical attention to issues of food production, legal structures and socio-political dimensions. The chapter discusses the analytical implications of this criticism, and makes the case for supplementing the entitlement approach with macro-level analyses of political dynamics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adger, N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347–364.
Alemu, G. (2007). Revisiting the entitlement approach to famine: taking a closer look at the supply factor—A critical survey of the literature. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 23(2), 95–129.
Alexander, J. (1991). The unsettled land: the politics of land redistribution in matabeleland 1980–1990. Journal of Southern African Studies, 17(4), 581–610.
Aloyo, E. (2013). Improving global accountability: The ICC and nonviolent crimes against humanity. Global Constitutionalism, 2(3), 498–530.
Baro, M., & Deubel, T. (2006). Persistent hunger: perspectives on vulnerability, famine, and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Review Anthropology, 35, 521–538.
Bell, K. (2006). World Bank Support for Land Administration and Management: Responding to the Challenges of the Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from https://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/november_2006/bell_november_2006l.pdf.
Bowbrick, P. (1986). The Causes of famine—A refutation of Professor Sen’s theory. Food Policy, 11(2), 105–124.
Bowbrick, P. (2008). A refutation of Professor Sen’s theory of famines. Oxford Agricultural Economics Research Institute. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://bowbrick.org.uk/Publications/Complete%20Sen%20July08.pdf.
Checchi, F., & Robinson, W. C. (2013). Mortality among populations of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity and famine during 2010–2012. A Study commissioned by FAO/FSNAU and FEWS NET. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Somalia_Mortality_Estimates_Final_Report_1May2013.pdf.
Crow, B. (1992). Understanding famine and hunger. In T. Allen & A. Thomas (Eds.), Poverty and development in the 1990s (pp. 25–33). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital—Why capitalism triumphs in the west and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books.
De Waal, A. (1989). Famine mortality: A case study of Darfur, Sudan, 1984–1985. Population Studies, 43, 5–24.
De Waal, A. (1993). War and famine in Africa. IDS Bulletin, 24(4), 33–40.
De Waal, A. (1997). Famine crimes. London: Villiers Publications.
Deng, L. (1999). Famine in the Sudan: causes, preparedness and response. IDS discussion paper 369. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Dp369.pdf.
Devereux, S. (1993). Theories of famine. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Devereux, S. (2000). Famine in the twentieth century. IDS Working Paper 105. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/wp105.pdf.
Devereux, S. (2001). Sen’s entitlement approach: critiques and counter-critiques. Oxford Development Studies, 29(3), 245–263.
Devereux, S. (2002). The Malawi Famine of 2002. IDS Bulletin, 33(4), 70–78.
Devereux, S. (2007). Introduction: from ‘old famines’ to ‘new famines’. In S. Devereux (Ed.), The New Famines (pp. 1–26). Abingdon: Routledge.
Dowlah, C. (2006). The politics and economics of food and famine in Bangladesh in the early 1970s—with special reference to Amartya Sen’s interpretation of the 1974 famine. International Journal of Social Welfare, 15(4), 344–356.
Drèze, J. (1999). Introduction. In J. Drèze (Ed.), The economics of famine (pp. 5–26). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. (1989). Hunger and public action. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. (1990). The political economy of hunger. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Elahi, K. Q. I. (2006). Entitlement failure and deprivation: A critique of Sen’s famine philosophy. Journal of Development Studies, 42(4), 541–558.
Elahi, K. Q. I. (2009). The entitlement approach—A case for framework development rather than demolition: A reply to Rubin. Journal of Development Studies, 45(4), 641–645.
FAO. (2005). Assessment of the World Food Security Situation. Committee on the World Food Security, 31st Session. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/J4968e/j4968e00.htm.
FAO. (2014). FAOSTAT Database. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QI/E.
Fergusson, J. (2013). The world’s most dangerous place—Inside the outlaw state of Somalia. London: Black Swan.
FEWS NET. (2005). Niger Food Security Warning. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-food-security-warning-22-feb-2005-droughtlocusts-lead-high-food-insecurity.
Gasper, D. (1993). Entitlement analysis: Relating concepts and contexts. Development and Change, 24, 679–718.
Gasper, D. (1997). Sen’s capability approach and Nussbaum’s capabilities ethic. Journal of International Development, 9(2), 281–302.
Gore, C. (1993). Entitlement relations and ‘unruly’ social practices: A comment on the work of Amartya Sen. The Journal of Development Studies, 29(3), 429–460.
Haan, N., Devereux, S., & Maxwell, D. (2012). Global implications of Somalia 2011 for famine prevention, mitigation and responses. Global Food Security, 1, 74–79.
Haggard, S., & Noland, M. (2007). Famine in North Korea: Markets, aid, and reform. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hartmann, B., & Boyce, J. K. (1983). A quiet violence: view from a Bangladesh village. London: Zed Press.
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
Howard-Hassmann, R. (2005). Genocide and state-induced famine: Global ethics and western responsibility for mass atrocities in Africa. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 4(3–4), 487–516.
Howe, P., & Devereux, S. (2004). Famine intensity and magnitude scales: A proposal for an instrumental definition of famine. Disasters, 28(4), 353–372.
Human Rights Watch (1999). Famine in Sudan 1998. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/sudan/.
Islam, M. (2007). The Great Bengal famine and the question of FAD yet again. Modern Asian Studies, 41(2), 421–440.
Janssen, M., & Ostrom, E. (2006). Resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation: A cross-cutting theme of the international human dimensions programme on global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 16, 237–239.
Kamowa, O. M. (2002). Living in the Abyss: Hunger in Mchinji District, Malawi. Save the Children. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from www.eldis.org/fulltext/mal_fam.doc.
Kane, M., Oloka-Onyango, J., Tejan-Cole, A. (2005). Reassessing customary law systems as a vehicle for providing equitable access to justice for the poor. Paper for World Bank conference New Frontiers of Social Policy in Arusha, 12–15 December. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/Kane.rev.pdf.
Keen, D. (1993). Famine, needs-assessment and survival strategies in Africa. Oxfam Research Papers, 8, 1–37.
Keen, D. (1994). The benefits of famine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Keen, D. (1999). Making famine in Sudan. Field exchange, February 6–7. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.ennonline.net/fex/6/making.
Kidane, W., Maetz, M., Dardel, P. (2006). Food security and agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa—Building a case for more public support. FAO Policy Assistance Series 2. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0627e/a0627e00.htm.
Kula, E. (1987). The inadequacy of the entitlement approach to explain and remedy famines. The Journal of Development Studies, 25, 112–116.
Kumar, B. G. (1990). Ethiopian famines 1973–1985: A case-study. In J. Drèze & A. Sen (Eds.), The political economy of hunger (Vol. II, pp. 173–216). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, D. (2002). Why do Famines persist? A brief review of ethiopia 1999–2000. IDS Bulletin, 33(4), 48–54.
Mousseau, F., & Mittal, A. (2006). Sahel: A prisoner of starvation? A case study of the 2005 food crisis in Niger. The Oakland Institute. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/content/sahel-prisoner-starvation-case-study-2005-food-crisis-niger-0.
Nolan, P. (1993). The causation and prevention of famines—A critique of A.K. Sen. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 21(1), 1–28.
Ó Gráda, C. (2007). Making famine history. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(1), 5–38.
Ó Gráda, C. (2009). Famine—A short history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Osmani, S. (1995). The entitlement approach to famine: An assessment. In K. Basu, P. Pattanaik, & K. Suzumura (Eds.), Choice, welfare, and development: a festschrift in honour of Amartya K. Sen (pp. 253–294). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pelling, M. (2010). Adaption to climate change—from resilience to transformation. Abingdon: Routledge.
Plümper, T., & Neumayer, E. (2009). Famine mortality, rational political inactivity, and international food aid. World Development, 37(1), 50–61.
Prendergast, R. (2005). The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development—a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29, 1145–1170.
Ravallion, M. (1997). Famine and economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 1205–1242.
Rubin, O. (2009a). The Niger famine—A collapse of entitlements and democratic responsiveness. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 44(3), 279–298.
Rubin, O. (2009b). The entitlement approach—A case for framework development rather than demolition. Journal of Development Studies, 45(4), 622–641.
Rubin, O. (2010). Democracy and Famine. Abingdon: Routledge.
Salinas, A. (1998). Why is this happening again? The famine in Sudan: Lessons learned. USAID document. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACF992.pdf.
Sen, A. (1977). Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the great Bengal famine. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1, 33–59.
Sen, A. (1981). Poverty and famines. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sen, A. (1993). The causation and prevention of famines: A reply. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 21(1), 29–40.
Sen, A. (1997). Hunger in the Contemporary World. LSE Discussion Paper 8. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/6685/1/Hunger_in_the_Contemporary_World.pdf.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York: Knopf.
Simon Fraser University (2010). Chapter 7: The death toll in the democratic republic of the Congo. In Human security report 2009/2010: The causes of peace and the shrinking costs of war (pp. 123–131). Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.hsrgroup.org/human-security-reports/20092010/text.aspx.
Szybala, V. (2014). Assad strikes damascus—The battle For Syria’s Capital. Middle East Security Report 16. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISWAssadStrikesDamascus_26JAN.pdf.
Tauger, M. B. (2003). Entitlement, shortage and the 1943 Bengal famine: Another look. Journal of Peasant Studies, 31(1), 45–72.
The Community and Regional Resilience Institute (2013). Definitions of community resilience: An analysis. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.resilientus.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/definitions-of-community-resilience.pdf.
Tierney, K. (2014). The social roots of risk. Stanford: Stanford University.
UN Human Rights Council (2014a). Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_hrc_25_65.pdf.
UN Human Rights Council (2014b). Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/CommissionInquiryonHRinDPRK.aspx.
Vervisch, T., Vlassenroot, K., & Braeckman, J. (2013). Livelihoods, power, and food insecurity: Adaptation of social capital portfolios in protracted crises-case study Burundi. Disasters, 37(2), 267–292.
Von Braun, J., Teklu, T., & Webb, P. (1998). Famine in Africa—Causes responses and prevention. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Watts, M. (2000). Struggles over geography: Violence, freedom and development at the millennium. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
White, P. (2005). War and food security in Eritrea and Ethiopia, 1998–2000. Disasters, 29(1), 92–113.
Woldemeskel, G. (1990). Famine and the two faces of entitlement: A comment on Sen. World Development, 18(3), 491–495.
World Development Indicators (2014). World Bank Database. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rubin, O. (2016). The Entitlement Approach. In: Contemporary Famine Analysis. SpringerBriefs in Political Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27306-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27306-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27304-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27306-8
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)