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Noncoding RNAs and Chromatin Modifications in the Developmental Control of Imprinted Genes

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Epigenetics - A Different Way of Looking at Genetics

Part of the book series: Epigenetics and Human Health ((EHH))

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Abstract

In mammals, hundreds of protein-coding genes and regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are controlled by the epigenetic phenomenon of genomic imprinting. These unusual genes are organized in clusters in the genome, and their mono-allelic expression depends on whether the allele is inherited from the mother or from the father. The imprinted gene expression is mediated by essential regulatory sequence elements called “imprinting control regions” (ICRs), which carry mono-allelic DNA methylation marks. These germ line-derived imprints are maintained throughout development and after birth, a process which is linked consistently to specific chromatin modifications. The way ICRs mediate mono-allelic gene expression is tissue specific at many of the imprinted gene clusters. At several imprinted gene domains, the ICR expresses a long ncRNA that mediates chromatin repression in cis. At other imprinted domains, the ICR differentially structures higher-order chromatin that allows, or prevents, transcription of close-by genes. Here, I introduce the epigenetic phenomenon of genomic imprinting and discuss how long ncRNAs and chromatin contribute to its developmental regulation.

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Abbreviations

5hm:

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

5mC:

5-Methylcytosine

BWS:

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

CpG:

Cytosine-phosphate-guanine

DMR:

Differentially methylated region

gDMR:

DMR with germ line-derived allele-specific DNA methylation

ICR:

Imprinting control region

KMT:

Lysine methyltransferase

lncRNA:

Long noncoding RNA (more than 200 bases in length)

MBD:

Methyl-CpG-binding domain

ncRNA:

Noncoding RNA

PRC:

Polycomb repressive complex

PWS:

Prader-Willi syndrome

TNDM:

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus

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Acknowledgments

I thank all members of the Genomic Imprinting and Development laboratory for discussion and comments. Our discussed research is grant funded by the National Research Agency (ANR) and the Institut National Contre le Cancer (INCa). Our laboratory is affiliated to the Montpellier Laboratory of Excellence “EPIGENMED,” the EU 7th Framework COST Action “Human Congenital Imprinting Disorders,” and the EU 7th Framework Network of Excellence “EpiGeneSys.”

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The author declares no conflict of interest.

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  1. Institut Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier, France

    Robert Feil

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  1. Robert Feil
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Correspondence to Robert Feil .

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  1. Universität Erlangen, Institut für Klinische und molekulare Vi, Erlangen, Germany

    Walter Doerfler

  2. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany

    Petra Böhm

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Feil, R. (2016). Noncoding RNAs and Chromatin Modifications in the Developmental Control of Imprinted Genes. In: Doerfler, W., Böhm, P. (eds) Epigenetics - A Different Way of Looking at Genetics. Epigenetics and Human Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27186-6_2

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