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Proper Deep-Well Waste Disposal for Water Resources Protection

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Natural Resources and Control Processes

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 17))

Abstract

Deep-well injection is one of feasible technologies for water conservation and disposal of hydrofracturing (hydraulic fracturing) process wastes and similar hazardous wastes. This chapter introduces the regulations for managing injection wells, basic well designs, well evaluation, economic analysis, and the methods to prevent, detect and correct potential hazards. Practical application examples and design examples for water storage, waste water disposal, sludge disposal and well analyses are included with emphasis on water resources protection.

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Abbreviations

A:

Area, (ft2)

B:

Leakage factor

C:

Compressibility (psi)−1

D:

Dispersion coefficient

H:

Reservoir thickness (ft)

hc :

Thickness of confining layer (ft)

hc′:

Thickness of second confining layer (ft)

I:

Hydraulic gradient (ft/ft)

k:

Average permeability (millidarcy)

kc :

Vertical permeability of confining layer (millidarcy)

kc′:

Vertical permeability of second confining layer (millidarcy)

L:

Leakage factor for semiconfined aquifer = \( \sqrt{khhc/kc} \)

P:

Coefficient of permeability (gal/d/ft2)

PDL :

Dimensionless pressure for semiconfined reservoirs

Pi :

Initial formation pressure (ft of water or psi)

P1 :

Hydrostatic pressure in the base of freshwater (ft of water or psi)

P2 :

Hydrostatic pressure in the injection zone (ft of water or psi)

Pr :

Reservoir pressure at radius r (ft of water or psi)

Pu :

Upward pressure

Pd :

Downward pressure

Q:

Flow or injection rate (ft3/d, gpm or barrels/d)

r:

Radial distance from well bore (ft)

s:

Change in pressure (ft of water or psi)

S:

Coefficient of storage

t:

Time (d)

tD :

Dimensionless time

T:

Transmissibility (gal/d/ft)

u:

1.87r2S/Tt (centipoises = cp)

V:

Q t = cumulative volume of waste injected (ft3)

v:

Fluid velocity (ft/d)

W(u):

Well function of u given in Table 3.1

β:

Formation volume factor = \( \frac{\mathrm{Volume}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{liquid}\ \mathrm{at}\ \mathrm{reservoir}\ \mathrm{temperature}\ \mathrm{and}\ \mathrm{pressure}}{\mathrm{Volume}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{liquid}\ \mathrm{at}\ \mathrm{standard}\ \mathrm{temperature}\ \mathrm{and}\ \mathrm{pressure}} \)

Ф:

Porosity expressed as a decimal

γ:

Radial distance from well bore with dispersion (ft)

μ:

Viscosity

Ï€:

3.14

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

  2. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

  3. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, 12128-0405, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  4. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  5. US Environmental Protection Agency, Dallas, TX, USA

    Charles W. Sever

Authors
  1. Nazih K. Shammas
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Correspondence to Nazih K. Shammas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University , Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

Appendix: US Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities [39]

Appendix: US Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities [39]

US Army Corps of Engineers civil works construction yearly average cost index for utilities

Year

Index

Year

Index

1967

100

1991

392.35

1968

104.83

1992

399.07

1969

112.17

1993

410.63

1970

119.75

1994

424.91

1971

131.73

1995

439.72

1972

141.94

1996

445.58

1973

149.36

1997

454.99

1974

170.45

1998

459.40

1975

190.49

1999

460.16

1976

202.61

2000

468.05

1977

215.84

2001

472.18

1978

235.78

2002

486.16

1979

257.20

2003

497.40

1980

277.60

2004

563.78

1981

302.25

2005

605.47

1982

320.13

2006

645.52

1983

330.82

2007

681.88

1984

341.06

2008

741.36

1985

346.12

2009

699.70

1986

347.33

2010

720.80

1987

353.35

2011

758.79

1988

369.45

2012

769.30

1989

383.14

2013

776.44

1990

386.75

2014

790.52

  

2015

803.83

  

2016

819.11

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Shammas, N.K., Wang, L.K., Sever, C.W. (2016). Proper Deep-Well Waste Disposal for Water Resources Protection. In: Wang, L., Wang, MH., Hung, YT., Shammas, N. (eds) Natural Resources and Control Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26800-2_3

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