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Management of Livestock Wastes for Water Resource Protection

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Natural Resources and Control Processes

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 17))

Abstract

Livestock waste management has recently become a topic of interest. Due to the increasing desire in transforming waste products into profit, it is necessary to have clear knowledge and understanding of how to handle livestock waste. This livestock waste management chapter provides insight on some treatment methods that have become popular within physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and the design techniques to incorporate many of these methods. Finally, an introduction to some of the more modern techniques in harnessing energy from agriculture waste and its potential profits has been included. Having consulted technical papers from university extensions across such as the University of Missouri, Utah State University, North Carolina State, and materials published by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Environmental Protection Agency, this particular resource produces sections that are valuable for both the novice and also experienced within agricultural engineering.

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Abbreviations

AU:

Number of 1000-lb animal units per animal type

BOD5 :

Five-day biochemical oxygen demand

BUW:

Bedding unit weight, lb/ft3

C:

Targeted rate concentration

C* :

Background rate concentration

C0:

Initial concentration of conditions

Ca+2 :

Calcium cation

CH3COOH:

Acetic acid

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

D:

Number of days in storage period

DS:

Dissolved solids

DVM:

Daily volume of manure production for animal type, ft3/AU/day

FR:

Volumetric void ratio

FS:

Fixed solids

H2 :

Diatomic hydrogen

HLR:

Hydraulic loading rate

k:

First-order rate constant (cm/day)

Mg+2 :

Magnesium cation

MMT of CO2e :

Million metric tons of CO2 equivalent

N2 :

Diatomic nitrogen

NH3-N:

Ammonia nitrogen

NH4-N:

Ammonium nitrogen

NO:

Nitrous oxide

OLR:

Organic loading rate

PO4 -2 :

Phosphate ion

q:

Hydraulic loading rate (cm/day)

SS:

Suspended solids

TBV:

Total bedding volume stored, ft3

TKN:

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

TP:

Total phosphorus

TS:

Total solids

TVM:

Total volume of stored manure, ft3

TVS:

Total volatile solids

TWW:

Total wastewater stored, ft3

VMD:

Volume of manure production for animal type for storage period, ft3

WB:

Weight of bedding used for animal type, lb/AU/day

WV:

Volume of waste stored, ft3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, 1665 Marsh Hawk Cir, Castle Rock, CO, 80109-9593, USA

    Dale H. Vanderholm

  2. Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Illinois, UCUI, 1796 AQero-Place, Urbana, IL, 61802-9500, USA

    Donald L. Day

  3. Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Illinois, UCUI, 1501 W. John St, Champaign, IL, 61821, USA

    Arthur J. Muehling

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  5. School of Engineering, Computer Science, and Mathematics, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, 79016, USA

    Erick Butler

Authors
  1. Dale H. Vanderholm
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  2. Donald L. Day
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  3. Arthur J. Muehling
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  4. Yung-Tse Hung
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  5. Erick Butler
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Correspondence to Erick Butler .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University , Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

Glossary of Terms Related to Livestock Waste

Anaerobic digestion

is the fermentation of organic waste by hydrolytic microorganisms into fatty acid chains, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2). Short fatty acids are then converted into acetic acid (CH3COOH), H2, CO2, and microorganisms.

Biogas

is a product from anaerobic digestion containing gases such as methane (CH4), CO2, and trace elements. Biogas can be used as a source of energy.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

is a wastewater quality index that determines the amount of oxygen consumed by wastes.

Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO)

raises livestock within a restricted space. It is also known as feedlot.

Constructed wetland

is a treatment method that uses plants (most commonly water hyacinth and duckweed) to degrade organic material.

Denitrification

converts nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen using microorganisms known as denitrifiers.

Eutrophication

is the condition of a waterbody (particularly a lake) where molecular oxygen levels have been depleted. Eutrophication most commonly occurs when nutrient levels are high within the waterbody forming the presence of algal blooms. When eutrophication occurs, all organisms that rely on molecular oxygen to survive will die.

Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

is a wastewater quality index that determines the amount of oxygen required for microorganisms to degrade a given substance within a 5-day period.

Lagoon

is a basin that treats wastewater and stores waste. There are three major types of lagoons—anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative.

Liquid manure

contains dry matter less than 5 %.

Mesophilic

is a state in an anaerobic digester or composting when the temperature remains between 35 °C and 40 °C.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NDPES)

regulates the quantity of waste entering navigable waters and point sources. It was first introduced by the US EPA in the Clean Water Act of 1977. Livestock waste operations are required to have NPDES permits to discharge. State legislation defines the operations that require NPDES permit.

Nitrification

is the process of converting ammonium nitrogen \( \left({{\mathrm{NH}}_4}^{+}\right) \) into nitrate \( \left({{\mathrm{NO}}_3}^{2-}\right) \) with an intermediate step of producing nitrite \( \left({{\mathrm{NO}}_2}^{-}\right). \) Nitrification is converted by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (nitrifiers).

Psychrophilic

is a state in an anaerobic digester or composting when the temperature remains below 20 °C.

Semisolid manure

contains 5–10 % dry matter.

Solid manure

contains dry matter greater than 15 %.

Thermophilic

is a state in an anaerobic digester or composting when the temperature remains between 51 °C and 57 °C.

Volatilization

is a phase change process that converts constituents into gaseous form. The most common volatilization experienced is ammonia volatilization or the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen. This is problematic for livestock operations because plant nitrogen is lost for plant uptake.

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Vanderholm, D.H., Day, D.L., Muehling, A.J., Hung, YT., Butler, E. (2016). Management of Livestock Wastes for Water Resource Protection. In: Wang, L., Wang, MH., Hung, YT., Shammas, N. (eds) Natural Resources and Control Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26800-2_1

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