Skip to main content

Therapeutic management of acute myeloid leukemia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1463 Accesses

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is considered a curable disease and hence the primary therapeutic intention in a patient with newly diagnosed AML should be to cure the patient with intensive chemotherapy. However, there are two main reasons why clinicians should not follow this approach: firstly, intensive chemotherapy cannot be administered safely due to comorbidities (or patient refusal), and secondly, the patient will not benefit from intensive chemotherapy because of high-risk AML, which requires allogeneic stem cell transplantation that cannot be performed because of advanced age, comorbidities, or patient refusal. Such patients will receive palliative care as a cure is not achievable. Importantly, advanced age alone is no reason for withholding intensive chemotherapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Kopecky KJ, et al. Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4642-4649.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lowenberg B, Pabst T, Vellenga E, et al. Cytarabine dose for acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1027-1036.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Arlin Z, Case DC Jr, Moore J, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Lederle Cooperative Group. Leukemia. 1990;4:177-183.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wiernik PH, Banks PL, Case DC Jr, et al. Cytarabine plus idarubicin or daunorubicin as induction and consolidation therapy for previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1992;79:313-319.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lowenberg B, Ossenkoppele GJ, van Putten W, et al. High-dose daunorubicin in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1235-1248.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Burnett AK, Russell NH, Hills RK, et al. A randomized comparison of daunorubicin 90 mg/m2 vs 60 mg/m2 in AML induction: results from the UK NCRI AML17 trial in 1206 patients. Blood. 2015;125:3878-3885.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bishop JF, Matthews JP, Young GA, et al. A randomized study of high-dose cytarabine in induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1996;87:1710-1717.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Schlenk RF, Frohling S, Hartman F, et al. Phase III study of all-trans retinoic acid in previously untreated patients 61 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2004;18:1798-1803.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Serve H, Krug U, Wagner R, et al. Sorafenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3110-3118.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rollig C, Serve H, Huttmann A, et al. Addition of sorafenib versus placebo to standard therapy in patients aged 60 years or younger with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (SORAML): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1691-1699.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Braess J, Spiekermann K, Staib P, et al. Dose-dense induction with sequential high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantone (S-HAM) and pegfilgrastim results in a high efficacy and a short duration of critical neutropenia in de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a pilot study of the AMLCG. Blood. 2009;113:3903-3910.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Buchner T, Schlenk RF, Schaich M, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): different treatment strategies versus a common standard arm–combined prospective analysis by the German AML Intergroup. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3604-3610.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Buchner T, Berdel WE, Schoch C, et al. Double induction containing either two courses or one course of high-dose cytarabine plus mitoxantrone and postremission therapy by either autologous stem-cell transplantation or by prolonged maintenance for acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2480-2489.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lowenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, et al. Use of recombinant GM-CSF during and after remission induction chemotherapy in patients aged 61 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia: final report of AML-11, a phase III randomized study of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group. Blood. 1997;90:2952-2961.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ohno R, Tomonaga M, Ohshima T, et al. A randomized controlled study of granulocyte colony stimulating factor after intensive induction and consolidation therapy in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. Int J Hematol. 1993;58:73-81.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:348-359.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Alter BP. Bone marrow failure syndromes in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002;49:973-988.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Schaich M, Parmentier S, Kramer M, et al. High-dose cytarabine consolidation with or without additional amsacrine and mitoxantrone in acute myeloid leukemia: results of the prospective randomized AML2003 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2094-2102.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA, et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:896-903.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pfirrmann M, Ehninger G, Thiede C, et al. Prediction of post-remission survival in acute myeloid leukaemia: a post-hoc analysis of the AML96 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:207-214.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brune M, Castaigne S, Catalano J, et al. Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase 3 trial. Blood. 2006;108:88-96.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Aurelius J, Martner A, Brune M, et al. Remission maintenance in acute myeloid leukemia: impact of functional histamine H2 receptors expressed by leukemic cells. Haematologica. 2012;97:1904-1908.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Schlenk RF, Kayser S, Bullinger L, et al. Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITD-positive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation. Blood. 2014;124:3441-3449.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Stelljes M, Krug U, Beelen DW, et al. Allogeneic transplantation versus chemotherapy as postremission therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: a prospective matched pairs analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:288-296.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kern W, Haferlach T, Schoch C, et al. Early blast clearance by remission induction therapy is a major independent prognostic factor for both achievement of complete remission and longterm outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: data from the German AML Cooperative Group (AMLCG) 1992 Trial. Blood. 2003;101:64-70.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Anasetti C, Logan BR, Lee SJ, et al. Peripheral-blood stem cells versus bone marrow from unrelated donors. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1487-1496.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ciurea SO, Zhang MJ, Bacigalupo AA, et al. Haploidentical transplant with posttransplant cyclophosphamide vs matched unrelated donor transplant for acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2015;126:1033-1040.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Schmid C, Schleuning M, Ledderose G, Tischer J, Kolb HJ. Sequential regimen of chemotherapy, reduced-intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, and prophylactic donor lymphocyte transfusion in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5675-5687.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Marks R, Potthoff K, Hahn J, et al. Reduced-toxicity conditioning with fludarabine, BCNU, and melphalan in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: particular activity against advanced hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2008;112:415-425.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bornhauser M, Kienast J, Trenschel R, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning versus standard conditioning before allogeneic haemopoietic cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission: a prospective, open-label randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:1035-1044.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Estey EH. Treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia. 2000;14:476-479.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Milligan DW, Wheatley K, Littlewood T, et al. Fludarabine and cytosine are less effective than standard ADE chemotherapy in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia, and addition of G-CSF and ATRA are not beneficial: results of the MRC AML-HR randomized trial. Blood. 2006;107:4614-4622.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Parker JE, Pagliuca A, Mijovic A, et al. Fludarabine, cytarabine, G-CSF and idarubicin (FLAG-IDA) for the treatment of poor-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1997;99:939-944.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Fiegl M, Unterhalt M, Kern W, et al. Chemomodulation of sequential high-dose cytarabine by fludarabine in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized trial of the AMLCG. Leukemia. 2014;28:1001-1007.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kern W, Schleyer E, Unterhalt M, Wormann B, Buchner T, Hiddemann W. High antileukemic activity of sequential high dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone in patients with refractory acute leukemias. Results of a clinical phase II study. Cancer. 1997;79:59-68.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Quintas-Cardama A, Ravandi F, Liu-Dumlao T, et al. Epigenetic therapy is associated with similar survival compared with intensive chemotherapy in older patients with newlydiagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012;120:4840-4845.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Burnett AK, Milligan D, Prentice AG, et al. A comparison of low-dose cytarabine and hydroxyurea with or without all-trans retinoic acid for acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in patients not considered fit for intensive treatment. Cancer. 2007;109:1114-1124.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:562-569.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kantarjian HM, Thomas XG, Dmoszynska A, et al. Multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III trial of decitabine versus patient choice, with physician advice, of either supportive care or low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2670-2677.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fiegl, M. (2016). Therapeutic management of acute myeloid leukemia. In: Hiddemann, W. (eds) Handbook of Acute Leukemia. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26772-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26772-2_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Adis, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26770-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26772-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics