Abstract
Although normal progress in a physical theory usually is a totally collective adventure within a given paradigm, it sometimes happens that a selected group of gifted and industrious individuals, working in concert or in competition, revisits an existing field and brings to it innovative and unifying ideas that tremendously accelerate the rhythm of this progress. This is what occurred with continuum mechanics in the period 1935–1980. In this specific case the main figures that clearly emerge are those of R.S. Rivlin, C.A. Truesdell, J.L. Ericksen, W. Noll, R.A. Toupin; B.D. Coleman, A.C. Eringen, A.E. Green, P.M. Naghdi, and R.D. Mindlin, and to a lesser degree but within a different political or regional background, L.I. Sedov, A.A. Ilyushin and P. Germain. Their works and definite influence through their publication of papers and books, the works of their students and direct co-workers, and their contributions to scientific life (in particular through newly created journals and scientific societies) are thoroughly perused in an objective manner.
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Notes
- 1.
As a preliminary remark we specify that we consider only scientists who contributed to this science in this broad sense and not those, excellent and creative as they may have been, who specialized only either in solid or in fluid mechanics.
- 2.
There exists at least one full length biography in German of Truesdell by Ignatieff and Willig (1999).
- 3.
This work was reviewed by Friedman (1948).
- 4.
- 5.
We have already reviewed the progress of this field in the twentieth century in Chap. 3 of Maugin (2013a).
- 6.
- 7.
See Chap. 8 in Maugin (2014).
- 8.
We discuss this theory and its generalizations in Maugin (2013a) and our books on the electrodynamics of continua.
- 9.
Ignatieff (1996) has written a biography of Noll. However, this text is unnecessarily hagiographic, sometimes bordering on the ridiculous. Of course, Noll is not responsible for this unfortunate outcome. More reasonably see Noll (2002). Noll claims in some autobiographic notes written in 1988 that he first got acquainted with mechanics while an assistant of I. Szabó in Berlin.
- 10.
Noll tells about the genesis of this volume in Noll (2002).
- 11.
This is where Noll introduces in some abstract way a geometric connection in the manner of Elie Cartan following previous works by E. Kröner and Bruce Bilby et al.
- 12.
Quite appropriately, Coleman obtained the title of J. Willard Gibbs Professor of Thermomechanics at Rutgers University, NJ, in July 1988, after a long career at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
- 13.
See Maugin and Muschik (1994) for a general discussion on the thermodynamics of continua with internal variables of state and its multiple applications.
- 14.
Rivlin (1984, pp. 2799–2800) wrote apropos Truesdell’s style: “In his writing Truesdell evidences a strong taste for the dramatic and so there has been created a fantasy world in which various savants produce stream of principles, fundamental theories, capital results, and work of unusual depth. No matter that, on examination and stripped of the, often irrelevant, mathematical verbiage with which they are surrounded, they frequently turn out to be known results in a disguise, or trivial, or physically unacceptable, or mathematically unsound, or some combination of these. Nonetheless, they have been widely and uncritically reproduced in the secondary literature and have provided the starting point for many, correspondingly flawed, theses and papers.” Of course, Rilvin’s own style is much sober than Truesdell’s somewhat grandiloquent style.
- 15.
“I did not vilify theory and speculation… No, whenever I speak against theory, I mean a weak, erroneous, fallacious, unfounded or imperfect theory; and one of the ways of discovering that it is a false theory is comparing it with practice”.
- 16.
Much more is to be found in the obituary published by Peter Chadwick in 2001 in the biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society, and the Festschrift volume edited by Naghdi, Spencer and England (1994).
- 17.
Biographical elements of M.A. Hayes are given by Boulanger et al. (2005).
- 18.
A biographical sketch of Naghdi is given by two of his former PhD students in Casey and Crochet (1995).
- 19.
We gave a long biographical sketch of Eringen and a complete list of his publications of all types in a special issue of the Int. J. Eng. Sci. (cf. Maugin 2011) dedicated to his memory.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
This may be a result of the close relationship of Ilyushin with the military establishment and his friendship with the highest political authorities in the Soviet Union in Stalin’s time.
- 23.
In a private conversation Sedov explained to the author, with a slight dose of cynicism, that all great national programmes need a well identified leader for publicity purposes. He was chosen to do the job and he accepted it. He had no visible regrets although he knew well that Sergueï Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966) was the true driving figure in the programme.
- 24.
See Romains’ review (1966).
- 25.
This representation is useful in describing rotational internal degrees of freedom in generalized continuum mechanics.
- 26.
- 27.
Remember that engineering schools were not integrated in French universities and admission to them was by competition. Some have been integrated in local universities only recently.
- 28.
We have examined in detail this treatise in Maugin (2013a, Chap. 11).
- 29.
We personally think that the level of teaching was ambiguous and there was an abuse of some mathematics such as convex analysis which the French have very much developed as an efficient means in the modelling of constitutive behaviour (e.g., J.-J. Moreau and his disciples).
- 30.
Truesdell (1987–8) tells how he came to create the ARMA, successor of the JRMA, by establishing a fruitful contact with the Editorial staff (Dr. Springer and Dr Mayer-Kaupp) at Springer in Berlin, so that the first issue of ARMA appeared on September 24, 1957. The journal was to work like the publications of Academies, with no review for papers published by members of the Editorial board and transmission by such a member for other papers. It favoured long articles written in the purest English. This did much to spread the Trusdellian spirit among mechanicians with a mathematical inclination. Truesdell established friendly relations with Springer, in particular with Siegfried Flügge, the Editor of the formidable Handbuch der Physik (56 volumes). Later on, he joined Flügge as editor of the volumes on mechanics. This efficient co-operation resulted also in a series of books under the title of “Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy” which contributed further to the dissemination of the school’s spirit (39 volumes published between 1964 and 1998).
- 31.
The creation of the IJES, like that of the International Journal of solids and Structures and the International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics (among other journals of the same class) in the 1960s was due to the interest for science of Ian Robert Maxwell (1923–1991)—born J.L.H.B. Hoch—who had founded the Pergamon Press Publishing House in Oxford. Maxwell, with a flamboyant lifestyle (as witnessed by G. Herrmann and A.C. Eringen when he gathered his editors-in-chief in the UK), died at sea of unknown causes, after mismanagement of his company.
- 32.
The Journal de Mécanique (Paris; 1962–1981) was in fact founded by Joseph Pérès (1890–1962), but the latter died before publication of the first issue. Paul Germain took over the Editorship of the Journal. This was published by Gauthier-Villars Publishing Company, a much less aggressive and internationally oriented firm than Springer-Verlag.
- 33.
Here we do not give names in order to avoid legal pursuits for defamation.
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A Gallery of Portraits
A Gallery of Portraits
Ronald S. Rivlin (1915–2005)
Clifford A. Truesdell (1919–2000)
Richard A. Toupin (b. 1926; Photo in 2013)
Walter Noll (born 1925)
Bernard D. Coleman (Born 1930)
Paul M. Naghdi (1924–1994)
A. Cemal Eringen (1920–2009)
Raymond D. Mindlin (1906–1987)
Leonid I. Sedov (1907–1999)
Alexey A. Ilyushin (1911–1998)
Paul Germain (1920–2009)
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Maugin, G.A. (2016). The Masters of Modern Continuum Mechanics. In: Continuum Mechanics through the Ages - From the Renaissance to the Twentieth Century. Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, vol 223. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26593-3_11
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